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91.
Origin and Evolution of Aquitard Porewater in the Western Coastal Plain of Bohai Bay,China 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2 下载免费PDF全文
High‐salinity paleowater from low‐permeability aquitards in coastal areas can be a major threat to groundwater resources; however, such water has rarely been studied. The chemical and isotopic compositions of porewater extracted from a 200‐m‐thick Quaternary sedimentary sequence in the western coastal plain of Bohai Bay, China, were analyzed to investigate the salinity origin and chemical evolution of porewater in aquitards. Porewater samples derived at depths shallower than 32 m are characterized by Cl‐Na type saline water (total dissolved solids [TDS], 10.9–84.3 g/L), whereas those at depths greater than 32 m comprise Cl·SO4‐Na type brackish water (TDS, 2.2–6.3 g/L). Saline porewater is interpreted as evaporated seawater prior to halite saturation, as evidenced by Cl‐Br relationships. Although substantial dilution of saline porewater with meteoric water is supported by a wider Cl? range and δ2H‐δ18O covariance, the original marine waters were not completely flushed out. The deeper brackish porewater is determined to be a mixture of fresher porewater and brine groundwater and had a component of old brine of less than 10%, as indicated by a mixing model defined using δ2H and Cl? tracers. Porewater δ2H‐δ18O relationships and negative deuterium excess ranging from ?25.9‰ to ?2.9‰ indicate the existence of an arid climate since Late Pleistocene in Tianjin Plain. The aquitard porewaters were chemically modified through water‐rock interactions due to the long residence time. 相似文献
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Binquan?LiEmail authorView authors OrcID profile Zhongmin?Liang Yingqing?He Lin?Hu Weimin?Zhao Kumud?Acharya 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2017,31(5):1045-1059
Parameter uncertainty in hydrologic modeling is crucial to the flood simulation and forecasting. The Bayesian approach allows one to estimate parameters according to prior expert knowledge as well as observational data about model parameter values. This study assesses the performance of two popular uncertainty analysis (UA) techniques, i.e., generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) and Bayesian method implemented with the Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling algorithm, in evaluating model parameter uncertainty in flood simulations. These two methods were applied to the semi-distributed Topographic hydrologic model (TOPMODEL) that includes five parameters. A case study was carried out for a small humid catchment in the southeastern China. The performance assessment of the GLUE and Bayesian methods were conducted with advanced tools suited for probabilistic simulations of continuous variables such as streamflow. Graphical tools and scalar metrics were used to test several attributes of the simulation quality of selected flood events: deterministic accuracy and the accuracy of 95 % prediction probability uncertainty band (95PPU). Sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify sensitive parameters that largely affect the model output results. Subsequently, the GLUE and Bayesian methods were used to analyze the uncertainty of sensitive parameters and further to produce their posterior distributions. Based on their posterior parameter samples, TOPMODEL’s simulations and the corresponding UA results were conducted. Results show that the form of exponential decline in conductivity and the overland flow routing velocity were sensitive parameters in TOPMODEL in our case. Small changes in these two parameters would lead to large differences in flood simulation results. Results also suggest that, for both UA techniques, most of streamflow observations were bracketed by 95PPU with the containing ratio value larger than 80 %. In comparison, GLUE gave narrower prediction uncertainty bands than the Bayesian method. It was found that the mode estimates of parameter posterior distributions are suitable to result in better performance of deterministic outputs than the 50 % percentiles for both the GLUE and Bayesian analyses. In addition, the simulation results calibrated with Rosenbrock optimization algorithm show a better agreement with the observations than the UA’s 50 % percentiles but slightly worse than the hydrographs from the mode estimates. The results clearly emphasize the importance of using model uncertainty diagnostic approaches in flood simulations. 相似文献
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MoisturEC: A New R Program for Moisture Content Estimation from Electrical Conductivity Data 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Noninvasive geophysical estimation of soil moisture has potential to improve understanding of flow in the unsaturated zone for problems involving agricultural management, aquifer recharge, and optimization of landfill design and operations. In principle, several geophysical techniques (e.g., electrical resistivity, electromagnetic induction, and nuclear magnetic resonance) offer insight into soil moisture, but data‐analysis tools are needed to “translate” geophysical results into estimates of soil moisture, consistent with (1) the uncertainty of this translation and (2) direct measurements of moisture. Although geostatistical frameworks exist for this purpose, straightforward and user‐friendly tools are required to fully capitalize on the potential of geophysical information for soil‐moisture estimation. Here, we present MoisturEC, a simple R program with a graphical user interface to convert measurements or images of electrical conductivity (EC) to soil moisture. Input includes EC values, point moisture estimates, and definition of either Archie parameters (based on experimental or literature values) or empirical data of moisture vs. EC. The program produces two‐ and three‐dimensional images of moisture based on available EC and direct measurements of moisture, interpolating between measurement locations using a Tikhonov regularization approach. 相似文献
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热带中东大西洋海域大青鲨繁殖生物学研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
大青鲨在海洋生态系统中处于重要的地位,研究其繁殖生物学有助于人们更好地理解大青鲨的资源状况。本文根据2007年12月-2008年3月采集的热带中东大西洋海域金枪鱼延绳钓兼捕大青鲨样本,对大青鲨的繁殖生物学特征进行了研究。雌雄大青鲨平均全长分别为248cm和260cm,雄性大青鲨全长分布显著大于雌性大青鲨(P<0.01);获得的雌雄大青鲨都处于性成熟状态,大青鲨成体及胎儿雌雄性比都符合1∶1,雄性大青鲨精巢和总性腺重量均随鱼体全长的增加而增加(P<0.01),而雌性大青鲨卵巢重随鱼体全长变化不大(P>0.05),总性腺重量随鱼体全长的增加而增加(P<0.05);鳍脚长度和雄性大青鲨全长关系线性显著(P<0.01),卵壳腺宽度随雌性大青鲨全长而增加(P<0.05);雌性大青鲨怀胎儿数3~50尾,平均33尾,怀胎儿数随雌性大青鲨全长的略有增加趋势(P=0.39),大青鲨胎儿的平均全长为22.3cm,胎儿的平均体重为61.9g,胎儿全长(TL)与胎儿体重(RW)关系呈对数线性显著(P<0.01),其关系方程为:RW=0.051×TL2.180。结果可为我国参与国际鲨鱼养护与管理,评价热带大西洋公海海域大青鲨种群数量变动提供基础生物学数据。 相似文献
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The hydrologic response of engineered media plays an important role in determining a stormwater control measure's ability to reduce runoff volume, flow rate, timing, and pollutant loads. Five engineered media, typical of living roof and bioretention stormwater control measures, were investigated in laboratory column experiments for their hydrologic responses to steady, large inflow rates. The inflow, medium water content response, and outflow were all measured. The water flow mechanism (uniform flow vs. preferential flow) was investigated by analyzing medium water content response in terms of timing, magnitude, and sequence with depth. Modeling the hydrologic process was conducted in the HYDRUS‐1D software, applying the Richards equation for uniform flow modeling, and a mobile–immobile model for preferential flow modeling. Uniform flow existed in most cases, including all initially dry living roof media with bimodal pore size distributions and one bioretention medium with unimodal pore size distribution. The Richards equation can predict the outflow hydrograph reasonably well for uniform flow conditions when medium hydraulic properties are adequately represented by appropriate functions. Preferential flow was found in two media with bimodal pore size distributions. The occurrence of preferential flow is more likely due to the interaction between the bimodal pore structure and the initial water content rather than the large inflow rate. 相似文献
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浙江省海宁市TM图像土地利用自动分类精度评价方法的试验研究 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
按照国家土管局土地利用现状分类标准,利用叠合的海宁市长安镇1∶1万同时期土地详查电子地图的全域地面实况数据,在遥感图像处理常规分类方法的范畴内,采取最大程度利于提高分类精度的措施,所得的分类精度上限为65%。研究表明,通常在试验区的小块局部中选择训练样本和选择评价分类精度的参考像元,对精度评价有显著影响,参考像元质量和数量的限制很可能是这些年来一些同类研究报道了较高分类精度结果的主要原因 相似文献