吉林省冰雹天气的时空分布

对1990～2003年4～10月吉林省9个市(州)51个气象站冰雹天气的降雹日数、年分布、年变化、日变化和降雹的主要路径等时空分布特征进行统计分析。把近14年与过去30年吉林省冰雹天气气候特征相比较,除冰雹年变化和日变化无差异外,降雹日数年分布和主要冰雹路径有所不同。分析表明,近14年降雹线共9条,大部分大致呈NW-SE走向,其中有2条SW-NE向降雹线穿过全省中部地区。     

Changes in pick beginning date and frost damage risk of tea tree in Longjing tea-producing area

We analyze the pick beginning date and frost damage risk trends of Jiukeng, Longjing-43, and Wuniuzao tea trees with time, using meteorological data from 12 station pairs over the period 1971–2010 in the Longjing tea-producing area. The pick beginning date of Jiukeng, Longjing-43, and Wuniuzao varieties had no statistically significant trends before 1990. The pick beginning date of Jiukeng variety had statistically significant decreasing trends after 1990, and there were no statistically significant trends in the start date after 1990 for Longjing-43 and Wuniuzao varieties. The average pick beginning dates of Longjing-43 and Wuniuzao varieties before 1990 are later than those after 1990 by 3.8–4.8 and 2.0–3.1 days, respectively. We used the trend of difference between beginning date of tea plucking (BDTP) and 0 °C terminal date to analyze frost damage risk trends. Eleven counties had no statistically significant frost damage risk trends for Jiukeng, Longjing-43, and Wuniuzao varieties, leaving only one county with statistically significant trends.     

利用太阳法自动标定L波段探空雷达天线指向

L波段探空雷达方位、仰角的标定通常借助北极星和经纬仪来完成,对其正确性缺乏可靠有效的检验工具,本文利用高精度的太阳位置算法,采用Python语言进行程序设计和封装,根据台站实际经纬度、太阳赤纬角和时差,从理论上计算出太阳实时位置去标定雷达天线指向,并在多个台站进行了测试和偏差分析,其精度为≤0.3°,参考国内新一代天气雷达天线波束指向定标技术指标(≤0.3°),其精度达到相关业务要求。同时,该算法软件还能为探空员日常检查雷达性能,判断雷达有无故障提供更为快捷的手段,确保探空资料的可靠性。     

A reliable and sensitive closing gear

The model QQC_(2-2) plankton net closing gear is a device designed to control the stratifiedsampling of the plankton net by means of a messenger. The device in its fie1d use has met with98% success in 766 times of strtified sampling of plankton at 157 stations during separatesurveys of Fujian coast zone, the Taiwan Strait, and the central section of the South China Sea,     

Quantitative Assessment of Impacts of Regional Climate and Human Activities on Saline-alkali Land Changes： A Case Study of Qian＇an County, Jilin Province

Interdecadal and interannual variations of saline-alkali land area in Qian’an County, Jilin Province, China were comprehensively analyzed in this paper by means of satellite remote sensing interpretation, field flux observations and regional climate diagnosis. The results show that on the interannual scale, the impact of climate factors accounts for 71.6% of the total variation of the saline-alkali land area, and that of human activities accounts for 28.4%. Therefore the impact of climate factors is obviously greater than that of human activities. On the interdecadal scale, the impact of climate factors on the increase of the saline-alkali land area accounts for 43.2%, and that of human activities accounts for 56.8%. The impact of human activities on the variation of saline-alkali land area is very clear on the interdecadal scale, and the negative impact of human activities on the environment should not be negligible. Besides, changes in the area of heavy saline-alkali land have some indication for development of saline-alkali land in Qian’an County.     

Damping characteristics of friction damped braced frame and its effectiveness in the mega-sub controlled structure system

Based on energy dissipation and structural control principle, a new structural configuration, called the mega- sub controlled structure (MSCS) with friction damped braces (FDBs), is first presented. Meanwhile, to calculate the damping coefficient in the slipping state a new analytical method is proposed. The damping characteristics of one-storey friction damped braced frame (FDBF) are investigated, and the influence of the structural parameters on the energy dissipation and the practical engineering design are discussed. The nonlinear dynamic equations and the analytical model of the MSCS with FDBs are established. Three building structures with different structural configurations, which were designed with reference to the conventional mega-sub structures such as used in Tokyo City Hall, are comparatively investigated. The results illustrate that the structure presented in the paper has excellent dynamic properties and satisfactory control effectiveness.     

超高压变质岩矿物中的显微构造缺陷:来自TEM和FTIR研究的证据

超高压变质矿物的某些显微构造缺陷可能指示了岩石短暂和快速抬升过程。文中报道了中国大别山双河地区超高压硬玉石英岩矿物显微构造缺陷的透射电镜(TEM)和Fourier变换红外光谱(FTIR)的研究结果。用TEM研究方法,在硬玉石英岩中硬玉包裹体内发现了亚微米级天然蒙钠长石(MA,C2/m)、高钠长石(HA,C)和低钠长石(LA,C)三种多形变体。表明岩石在折返过程经历过高温变质作用(>930℃),以及退变质过程的快速冷却;在石英包裹体内发现了纳米级柯石英和石盐子矿物,提供了柯石英转变为石英以及峰期变质条件下高盐流体存在的证据。"名义上无水矿物"(NAMs)的结构水(OH/H2O)是以缺陷形式赋存于矿物结构中。FTIR分析结果显示硬玉、石榴石、金红石和石英中结构水的平均含量分别为1000×10-6、(900~1600)×10-6、>2000×10-6和<4×10-6,硬玉石英岩全岩含水量为(490~600)×10-6,表明在高压-超高压变质作用过程中,地壳或原岩中的水可以通过这些NAMs携带到地球深部。该类显微构造缺陷可能是大陆碰撞造山带在高应变速率下的局部弱化和深部断层作用的结果。     

冰期—间冰期气候旋回中古火灾的变化规律及其控制因子

火对气候、生物地球化学循环和人类健康产生广泛影响,为了避开人类活动的干扰,在整体上把握古火灾、古植被和古气候之间的相互作用关系,并为进一步的深入研究古火灾提供框架,本文聚焦冰期—间冰期时间尺度,整理了深海沉积、湖泊沉积、黄土等沉积物中的古火灾信息,并与对应的古气候、古植被情况结合讨论,总结归纳在冰期—间冰期尺度上不同地区的火灾机制情况,并分析其异同及原因。全球不同海域的深海沉积物中黑碳记录所指示的古火灾没有统一的规律和解释,自然火灾发生机制存在区域性差异。长时间尺度的湖泊记录反映的冰期—间冰期火灾活动情况较一致,今后更多长时间尺度的湖泊沉积物研究可以为火灾活动的轨道驱动研究增添有力证据。黄土中的冰期—间冰期的火灾演化规律存在不同观点,这可能是选用火灾代用指标不同导致,黄土中的黑碳沉积通量可能更准确的揭示古火灾历史。     

基于雷达资料四维变分同化及云模式的中尺度对流系统数值临近预报试验

基于雷达资料快速刷新四维变分同化(RR4DVar)初始化的三维数值云模式,利用京津冀6部新一代多普勒天气雷达和区域自动气象站观测资料,针对2013年7月4日出现在京津冀平原地区的中尺度对流系统(MCS),开展了数值临近预报试验。研究结果表明,充分考虑雷达观测信息的对流尺度数值临近预报具有很大的优势,但也存在不足:(1)模式能够较好地把握中尺度对流系统的组织发展和移动演变特征,对风暴回波带的走向和尺度特征有较好的预报,但对强回波的强度和位置预报存在一定偏差;(2)模式预报可以反映风暴系统的中小尺度扰动特征,对风暴冷池和出流边界(阵风锋)的发展变化均有较为合理的预报;(3)模式对强降水中心和雨带位置的预报有很大优势,能较好地预报弱降水雨带的分布形势和雨量,但对强降水落区的预报偏大;(4)模式对风暴造成的对流性强降水的预报准确率较高,对0.5—10 mm阈值的降水范围预报偏差比较合理,对10 mm以上降水范围的预报偏大,但是对弱降水风暴的弱回波较强回波的预报性能要好;(5)由于三维数值云模式对京津冀复杂地形的处理不够完善,对山前风场预报偏差较大,造成对山前风暴的发展演变和山前降水的预报偏差较大。     

An Overview of BCC Climate System Model Development and Application for Climate Change Studies

This paper reviews recent progress in the development of the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model(BCC-CSM) and its four component models(atmosphere,land surface,ocean,and sea ice).Two recent versions are described:BCC-CSM1.1 with coarse resolution(approximately 2.8125°×2.8125°) and BCC-CSM1.1(m) with moderate resolution(approximately 1.125°×1.125°).Both versions are fully coupled climate-carbon cycle models that simulate the global terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycles and include dynamic vegetation.Both models well simulate the concentration and temporal evolution of atmospheric CO_2 during the 20th century with anthropogenic CO2 emissions prescribed.Simulations using these two versions of the BCC-CSM model have been contributed to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase five(CMIP5) in support of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report(AR5).These simulations are available for use by both national and international communities for investigating global climate change and for future climate projections.Simulations of the 20th century climate using BCC-CSMl.l and BCC-CSMl.l(m) are presented and validated,with particular focus on the spatial pattern and seasonal evolution of precipitation and surface air temperature on global and continental scales.Simulations of climate during the last millennium and projections of climate change during the next century are also presented and discussed.Both BCC-CSMl.l and BCC-CSMl.l(m) perform well when compared with other CMIP5 models.Preliminary analyses indicate that the higher resolution in BCC-CSM1.1(m) improves the simulation of mean climate relative to BCC-CSMl.l,particularly on regional scales.