中新世以来六盘山邻区黄土-红粘土成土碳酸盐碳氧同位素记录及其对C4植物早期扩张的指示

晚新生代C4植物扩张是地球环境-生态系统演化的重要事件,重建C4植物地质演化历史是认识新生代地球气候变化、全球植被演化和大气CO2演化历史及区域陆地生态系统转变模式的关键环节。通过最近20多年来对全球不同区域地质剖面中的植物化石、动物牙釉质及成土碳酸盐碳同位素等的分析,研究者认识到晚新生代C4植物在全球成规模出现和扩张过程并不同时,不同记录反映的C4扩张信号有所不同,目前对C4植物扩张的全球格局还不明晰。亚洲季风区C4植物扩张历史是理解全球C4植物地质演化过程和机制的重要方面。南亚地质记录揭示的C4植物扩张过程表现为8~4Ma前后的迁跃式转折,黄土高原已有研究揭示在约6Ma,3Ma前后及1Ma之后各有一个δ13Csc高值出现,在7~4Ma期间成土碳酸盐δ13Csc呈现自北向南变轻的格局,表明在晚中新世到上新世早期黄土高原C4植物出现从北到南的扩张过程。对于黄土高原C4植物在更早时期的演化扩张过程,目前限于记录尚不明晰。在此,本文通过分析六盘山邻区的平凉白水黄土-红粘土和庄浪红粘土剖面,获得成土碳酸盐碳同位素记录,揭示出C4植物在黄土高原扩张时间至少可以下推到中新世早期(约20Ma),C4植物比率在中新世变化于15％~40％之间。这一结果为拓展我们对C4植物在黄土高原乃至东亚季风区早期演化历史的认识提供了新证据。     

Partitioning of Nb and Ta between rutile and felsic melt and the fractionation of Nb/Ta during partial melting of hydrous metabasalt

In order to fully assess the role of rutile in fractionation of Nb/Ta during partial melting of hydrous metabasalt, we have measured rutile - felsic melt partition coefficients (D values) for Nb and Ta with tonalitic to trondhjemitic compositions at 1.5-3.5 GPa, 900-1350 °C and ∼5.0-20 wt% H₂O. D_Nb, D_Ta and D_Nb/D_Ta range from 17 ± 1 to 246 ± 13, 34 ± 2 to 232 ± 25 and 0.51 ± 0.04 to 1.06 ± 0.13, respectively. For the compositions investigated, melt composition appears to have no observable effect on the partitioning; the effect of pressure is also slight; whereas temperature and H₂O have marked effects. D_Nb, D_Ta and D_Nb/D_Ta increase with decreasing temperature and H₂O content, showing a reversal of D_Nb/D_Ta from <1.0 to >1.0. Using the data that approached equilibrium and obeyed Henry’s law, expressions describing the dependences of D_Nb, D_Ta and D_Nb/D_Ta on temperature, pressure and melt H₂O content were obtained:

(1)     

硅酸盐碳星的红外观测及能谱分布

本文对赤纬负10°以北的所有11颗硅酸盐碳星进行了近红外JHK观测．结合可见波段及红外天文卫星的观测结果,讨论了它们的红外双色图及能谱分布,并将其与正常碳星的结果相比较,进而讨论了它们的演化状态．     

重磁异常信号的非高斯性探讨

从盲源分离方法的问题及假设条件出发,阐述了探讨重磁信号非高斯性的必要性;通过对不同理论模型重磁异常信号的非高斯性进行研究,得出球体与直立长方体的重磁异常信号不是高斯信号;同时得出台阶重磁异常信号的非高斯性与其埋深有关,与磁化方向无关。     

Magnesian andesites in north Xinjiang,China

Middle Devonian magnesian andesites (MAs) are widely distributed in south Altay and Carboniferous MAs are present in Alataoshan and west- and east-Tianshan in the north Xinjiang region. These MAs are andesitic rocks with 53–65% SiO₂,<1% (0.21–1.08%; average of 0.72%) TiO₂, and ≥50 Mg^#. Magnesian dacites and diorites, with 52.38–66.91% SiO₂, <0.30% TiO₂ and ≥42 Mg^# commonly occur with these MAs. Relative to boninites, MAs have lower MgO contents (average 6.39%) but higher Ti, K and Na. They have characteristic flat chondrite-normalized REE patterns with weak to no Eu anomalies (Eu depletion, or Eu/Eu* = 0.65–1.15), low (La/Yb)_N (0.98–6.4, mostly 4±) and low total REE contents (15–95 ppm). They also have high contents of compatible elements Cr and Ni (72–790 and 29–276 ppm, respectively). Their relative depletion in high field strength elements Nb, Ta and Ti, and relative enrichment in mobile large-ion lithophile elements Rb, K and Pb are evident on primitive mantle-normalized trace element spidergrams. If magnesian andesites are melts coming from the subducted oceanic crust, as proposed elsewhere, then the relatively high Y contents (>15 ppm), low Sr/Y ratios (4.4–6.2), low (La/Yb)N, and high Mg^# of the MAs in north Xinjiang provide evidence of interaction of such melts with mantle wedge peridotite. New petrographic, chemical and isotopic [(¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd)I = 0.51221–0.51255 (εNd(t) +0.28 to +7.2); (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)I = 0.7029–0.7065] data suggest that the petrogenesis of the MAs in the north Xinjiang region may have involved: (1) multiple source materials including subducted oceanic slab, juvenile crustal materials (mainly volcanic-volcanoclassic rocks with low maturity and clear mantle geochemical signatures) coming from the forearc accretionary prism and mantle wedge peridotite; (2) a combination of different petrogenetic processes including partial melting of subducted oceanic slab and juvenile crustal materials, followed by interaction of slab melts with the mantle wedge peridotite; (3) high geothermal gradient creating a high temperature (>1,000°C) environment in a volatile-rich source region; (4) unique tectonic settings including oblique subduction, slab break off resulting in slab window formation and asthenosphere upwelling, and subduction erosion resulting in transfer of forearc accretionary materials into the source region of MA magma.     

湘西南印支期五团岩体锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及形成背景

五团岩体位于湘西南,主要由黑云母二长花岗岩和二云母二长花岗岩组成,具块状构造。用SHRIMP对黑云母二长花岗岩中的锆石进行了U-Pb同位素测试,其中9颗锆石给出的206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为(220.5±4.4)Ma,该年龄被解释为岩体的形成年龄,表明岩体形成于晚三叠世中期。岩石高硅、富铝、高钾、中碱,Si O2含量70.64%~75.32%,平均72.33%;Al2O3含量13.24%~16.37%,平均14.47%;K2O含量4.27%~6.66%,平均5.10%;全碱(Na2O+K2O)含量为6.71%~8.46%,平均7.65%;K2O/Na2O比值为1.54~5.34,平均2.23。ASI值平均为1.24,总体属铁质、高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列过铝质花岗岩类。Ba、Nb、Sr、P、Ti表现为明显亏损,Rb、(Th+U+K)、(La+Ce)、Nd、(Zr+Hf+Sm)、(Y+Yb+Lu)等则相对富集。ΣREE含量为84.35~222.90μg/g,平均156.81μg/g;δEu值0.17~0.52,平均0.39;(La/Yb)N值为1.81~17.12,平均10.57。ISr值为0.71813~0.72110,εSr(t)值为193.5~235.6,εNd(t)值为-9.78~-9.70,t2DM为1.78~1.79Ga。C/MF-A/MF图解显示源岩为变质泥质岩和碎屑岩。强过铝花岗岩样品的Al2O3/Ti O2比值大部分小于100。上述地球化学特征表明花岗岩为S型花岗岩,源岩主要为中、上地壳酸性岩石。花岗岩微量元素构造环境判别图解主要显示为后碰撞构造环境。基于岩石成因、构造环境判别以及区域构造演化过程,推断五团岩体的具体形成机制为:在中三叠世印支运动之后挤压应力相对松弛、深部压力降低的后碰撞构造环境下,因地壳增厚而升温的中、上地壳岩石减压熔融并向上侵位;此外,深部软流圈上涌和热量的向上传递对五团花岗质岩浆的形成可能起到一定作用。     

华北克拉通岩石圈有效弹性厚度及其各向异性

华北克拉通是典型的克拉通破坏的区域,研究该区域的岩石圈有效弹性厚度(Te)及其各向异性特征有助于了解华北克拉通的强度构造及破坏机制.我们根据空间分辨率为30″×30″的地形数据和由自由空气异常解算得到的完全布格重力异常数据,利用Fan小波分析方法计算了两者之间的相关性,并基于Forsyth理论和正交各向异性薄板模型计算了华北克拉通地区的岩石圈Te和其各向异性分布情况.结果表明:(1) 从各向同性Te分布来看,华北克拉通岩石圈在东部、中部和西部存在着明显的差异.鄂尔多斯地块、河淮盆地的Te值均较高;中华北克拉通、南北重力梯度带及鲁西隆起Te值较低,约10~25 km;郯庐断裂带两侧Te有非常大的差异,西侧的Te明显小于东侧,推测郯庐断裂带在华北克拉通破坏过程中起着非常重要的作用.(2) 从Te的各向异性来看,不同块体Te各向异性的大小或方向存在差异,并且研究区内地震大多分布在Te各向异性大小或方向转变的区域.(3) 从地震波SKS各向异性和Te各向异性的比较来看,在华北克拉通西部阿拉善块体岩石圈变形趋于垂直连贯变形模式;鄂尔多斯地区各向异性源自历史构造事件的"化石"各向异性;山西裂谷带地区Te的弱轴方向和SKS的快波方向平行,而在山西裂谷带南部的秦岭—大别区域,SKS快波方向和Te弱轴方向相垂直,这可能与地幔热物质上涌等作用有关.此外,Te各向异性与现今构造应力场间的相关性不明显,体现出华北克拉通复杂的构造应力特征.     

A Theoretical Probe for Excitation Mechanisms of Solar-like and Mira-like Oscillations of Stars

The linear stability analysis of the radial and non-radial oscillations for the evolutionary model of a star with the mass of 0.6∼3 M8 has been per- formed by using the nonlocal and time-dependent convection theory. The results show that the unstable low-temperature stars on the right side of the instabil- ity strip in the HR diagram can be divided into two groups. One is of the stars of solar-like oscillations, composed of the main-sequence dwarfs, subgiants, and the red giants with low- and intermediate-luminosity, which are unstable in the intermediate- and high-order (nr ≥ 12) p-modes, but stable in the low- order (nr ≤ 5) p-modes. Another is of the Mira-like stars, composed of the luminous red giants and AGB stars, which are just contrary to the solar-like stars, unstable in the low-order (nr ≤ 5) p-modes, but stable in the intermediate- and high-order (nr ≥ 12) p-modes. On the red edge of Cepheid (δ Scuti) insta- bility strip, the oscillations of solar-like and Mira-like stars can be explained uniformly by the coupling between convection and oscillations (CCO). For the low-temperature stars on the right side of the instability strip, the CCO is the dominant excitation and damping mechanism for the low- and intermediate-order p-modes, and the stochastic excitation of turbulence becomes important only for the high-order p-modes of solar-like oscillations.     

北京一次浓雾过程的边界层结构及成因探讨

利用逐小时地面加密观测资料、系留气球探空资料、常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料等对2004年11月30日至12月1日发生在北京的一次浓雾过程进行了分析。结果表明:浓雾过程发生在边界层有浅槽东移,地面为均压场、微风、入夜后迅速辐射降温的条件下;浓雾生成前、后近地层维持辐合区,有利于水汽的聚集;在浓雾发生发展的不同阶段,边界层中逆温层、湿度和风的分布是有差别的;从动力学的角度对温、湿场结构的形成原因进行了初步探讨,指出了与其它辐射雾的不同点。     

基于深度学习的地质找矿大数据挖掘与集成的挑战

基于深度学习的地质找矿信息挖掘与集成已经成为数学地球科学的前沿领域.深度学习作为一种具有多级非线性变换的层级机器学习算法,在地质找矿大数据挖掘与集成中仍处于探索阶段,还有一系列问题亟需解决.以卷积神经网络为例,探讨了基于深度学习的地质找矿大数据挖掘与集成过程中两大挑战:训练样本不足和深度学习网络模型构建困难,重点分析了...