2010年玉树地震地表破裂带典型破裂样式及其构造意义

野外调查表明,青海玉树M_S7.1地震发生在青藏高原中部甘孜-玉树断裂的玉树段上,在玉树县结古镇至隆宝镇之间产生了一系列包括剪切破裂、张剪切破裂、压剪切破裂、张性破裂及其不连续岩桥区出现的鼓包或陷落坑(拉分盆地)、高寒地区特有的冰裂缝等地表破裂单元,它们斜列组合成整体走向约300°、长约65 km、最大同震左旋位移2.4 m的地表破裂带,具有变形局部化的基本特征.玉树地震地表破裂带整体上可划分为长约15 km的结隆次级地表破裂带和长约31 km的结古次级地表破裂带,两者呈左阶羽列,其间无地表破裂段长约17 km,对应于M_W6.4和M_W6.9两个次级地震事件.地表破裂类型、基本组合特征等显示出甘孜-玉树断裂两盘块体的运动方式以纯剪切的左旋走滑为主,从一个方面反映了青藏高原物质存在着向东的逃逸和挤出现象.     

Continuity of the North Qilian and North Qinling orogenic belts, Central Orogenic System of China: Evidence from newly discovered Paleozoic adakitic rocks

Adakitic intrusive rocks of  430–450 Ma were discovered in the North Qilian orogenic belt, the western section of the Central Orogenic System (COS) in China. These adakitic rocks were lower crust melts rather than slab melts as indicated by their crustal Ce/Pb, Nb/U, Ti/Eu, and Nd/Sm ratios and radiogenically enriched (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i of 0.7053–0.7066 and ε_Nd(t) of − 0.9 to − 1.7. While they are all characterized by low Yb (< 1.1 ppm) and Y (< 11.5 ppm) abundances with high Sr/Y (> 65) and (La/Yb)_N (> 13.7) ratios, these adakitic rocks are classified into the low-MgO–Ni–Cr and high-MgO–Ni–Cr groups. The low-MgO samples were derived from partial melting of thickened lower crust, whereas the high-MgO samples were melts from delaminated lower crust, which subsequently interacted with mantle peridotite upon ascent. Adakitic rocks from the adjacent North Qinling orogenic belt also originated from thickened lower crust at  430 Ma. In addition, the North Qilian and North Qinling orogenic belts both consist of lithological assemblages varying from subduction-accretionary complexes at south to central arc assemblages, which include adakitic rocks, then to backarc phases at north. Such a sequence reflects northward subduction of the Qilian and Qinling oceans. In these two orogenic belts, the occurrence of adakitic rocks of common origin and ages together with the similarities in tectonic configurations and lithological assemblages are considered to be the evidence for the continuity between eastern Qilian and western Qinling, forming a > 1000 km Early Paleozoic orogenic belt. In such a tectonic configuration, the Qilian and Qinling oceans that subducted from south possibly represent parts of the large “Proto-Tethyan Ocean”. This inference is supported by the coexistence of Early Paleozoic coral and trilobite specimens from Asia, America and Australia in the North Qilian orogenic belt. Post-400 Ma volcanic rocks occur in the North Qinling orogenic belt but are absent in the North Qilian orogenic belt, indicating that these two orogenic belts underwent distinct evolution history after the closure of the Proto-Tethyan Ocean ( 420 Ma).     

斜压大气中的特征波动和地转适应过程

本文对斜压大气的小扰动方程作了严格和全面的数学分析:论证了关于垂直边界条件的正确提法以及初始场一些特殊问题,澄清了迄今不正确的和混乱的提法;给出了解的存在、唯一和稳定性的证明。在这基础上,对大气的特征波动作了分类,并证明内波的能量总是向宇宙空间弥散掉,最终强度趋于零。因此,即使扰动的水平范围为无限,或者严格地考虑到地球表面为球面,也有地转适应过程,这是以在未研究过的机理。     

真空管地电阻探矿仪

一.地電阻儀所測量之數值地電阻探礦儀,簡稱地電阻儀,係物理探礦中測量地電阻率時所用之儀器。為欲觀察地下导電之情形,可將電流I,藉兩個電極C₁,C₂通入地下,再自另外兩個電極P₁,P₂     

Cycling of dissolved elemental mercury in Arctic Alaskan lakes

Aqueous production and water-air exchange of elemental mercury (Hg⁰) are important features of the environmental cycling of Hg. We investigated Hg⁰ cycling in ten Arctic Alaskan lakes that spanned a wide range in physicochemical characteristics. Dissolved gaseous Hg (DGM, dominated by Hg⁰) varied from 40 to 430 fM and averaged 200 fM. All surface waters were supersaturated relative to the atmosphere. DGM averaged 3 ± 2% of dissolved (i.e., filter passing) dissolved total mercury (DTM) and 15 ± 6% of dissolved labile Hg (DLM). In-lake DGM profiles generally followed the vertical distribution of light, indicating photoreduction of Hg(II) complexes as a source of Hg⁰. Additionally, DGM correlated linearly with DLM (r² = 0.82, p < 0.0001) in the lake surface, signifying that Hg complexes (mostly organic Hg associations) in dissolved phase are photoreducible and contribute to production of DGM. Further, a positive relation between DGM/DTM and both K_a (light attenuation coefficient; r² = 0.73, p < 0.02) and DOC (r² = 0.60, p = 0.02) suggests that solar radiation and dissolved organic matter control DGM production and its cycling. An average rate of DGM formation (0.6 ± 0.2% of DTM d⁻¹; range, 0.20.8) was estimated by assuming steady state with the evasional rate. In-lake DGM formation occurs at lower rates in waters with greater suspended particulate matter and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), pointing to the significant role of organic matter plays in controlling DGM formation in these aquatic systems. Estimated evasional fluxes of Hg⁰ (average, 140 ± 50 pmol m⁻² d⁻¹; range, 60-200) were comparable to those of temperate lakes (e.g., Wisconsin, Michigan). In arctic lakes, the rate of evasion during ice-free periods (7 ± 3 nmol m⁻² yr⁻¹) is similar to the atmospheric input of Hg (wet + dry) to the lakes based on levels in summertime precipitation but not including additional sources, e.g., springtime depletion.     

Rainfall duration and debris-flow initiated studies for real-time monitoring

A rainfall-induced debris flow warning is implemented employing real-time rain gauge data. The pre-warning for the time of landslide triggering derives the threshold or critical rainfall from historical events involving regional rainfall patterns and geological conditions. In cases of debris flow, the time taken cumulative runoff, to yield abundant water for debris triggering, is an important index that needs monitoring. In gathered historical cases, rainfall time history data from the nearest rain gauge stations to debris-flow sites connected to debris flow are used to define relationships between the rainfall intensity and duration. The effects by which the regional rainfall patterns (antecedent rainfall, duration, intensity, cumulative rainfall) and geological settings combine together to trigger a debris-flow are analyzed for real-time monitoring. The analyses focused on 61 historical hazard events with the timing of debris flow initiation and rainfall duration to burst debris-flow characteristics recorded. A combination of averaged rainfall intensity and duration is a more practical index for debris-flow monitoring than critical or threshold rainfall intensity. Because, the outburst timing of debris flows correlates closely to the peak hourly rainfall and the forecasting of peak hourly rainfall reached in a meteorological event could be a valuable index for real-time debris-flow warning.     

Characterization of lattice strain induced by neutron irradiation

Powder X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement have been used to study structural damage induced by neutron irradiation of orthoclase (Or₉₄) from Benson Mines, New York. X-ray diffraction profiles of samples exposed to total neutron doses in excess of 6.3×10¹⁸ n/ cm² exhibit small but measurable peak broadening in comparison with unirradiated orthoclase. Rietveld structure refinements and transmission electron microscope observations indicate that the X-ray peak broadening arises primarily from the effect of strain rather than particle size. The results reveal a positive correlation between the neutron dose and the anisotropic strain percentage calculated from the Lorentzian profile parameters. This strain-induced broadening probably stems from numerous point defects created by recoiling atoms during neutron collisions. These observations have important implications for the diffusive behavior of ³⁹Ar and ⁴⁰Ar.     

川滇及周边地区地壳横波衰减的成像研究

利用由149个台站记录的中国地震年报、四川和云南区域地震台网观测报告的5897个近震的27530条横波振幅与周期资料，反演得到川滇地区及周边的地壳衰减Q0值（频率为1 Hz时的Q值）空间分布图像、台站的场地响应以及由于介质衰减不同造成的震级偏差.结果表明，川滇及周边地区的地壳横波衰减Q0值在200～600范围内变化，平均值为400，横向变化显著.在川西-滇西北-保山地区、云贵交界-昆明-思茅地区以及海原-祁连、汾渭和东昆仑等活动块体边界带的Q0值明显较低，这些地区地震和构造活动相对活跃；而构造相对稳定的四川盆地、马尔康块体、桂西滇东断块以及鄂尔多斯、秦岭-大别等地区的Q0值则明显较高.此外，川滇地区大多数台站的场地响应都在1附近，仅有少数增益或衰减较大，达到2倍左右，且其分布无明显规律性.该区观测报告给出的大多数地震震级偏差不大于03，但也有少数震级偏差达04，其分布与介质品质因子Q0值分布相关，说明震级测定可能受地壳介质衰减横向变化的影响.     

电磁波测井资料反演中Jacobi矩阵的快速算法及其特性分析

针对采用单发双收探头同时测量相位差和幅度比,测井响应与地层介电常数和电阻率两者都有关的电磁波测井资料反演问题，构造了其反演目标函数Jacobi矩阵〖WTHX〗J的快速算法.J直接给出了测井响应随地层参数变化的关系，利用J和它转置矩阵J〖WTBZ〗T的有意义乘积〖WTHX〗J·J〖WTBZ〗T和〖WTHX〗J〖WTBZ〗T.〖WTHX〗J〖WTBZ〗可以方便地对在非均质地层中测井响应特征和仪器的探测特性进行考察分析，为测井资料处理方法研究与仪器改进提供依据.