全文获取类型
收费全文 | 701篇 |
免费 | 32篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 8篇 |
大气科学 | 28篇 |
地球物理 | 143篇 |
地质学 | 198篇 |
海洋学 | 69篇 |
天文学 | 202篇 |
综合类 | 4篇 |
自然地理 | 81篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 8篇 |
2020年 | 11篇 |
2019年 | 7篇 |
2018年 | 10篇 |
2017年 | 13篇 |
2016年 | 28篇 |
2015年 | 20篇 |
2014年 | 12篇 |
2013年 | 35篇 |
2012年 | 29篇 |
2011年 | 16篇 |
2010年 | 27篇 |
2009年 | 29篇 |
2008年 | 21篇 |
2007年 | 24篇 |
2006年 | 24篇 |
2005年 | 28篇 |
2004年 | 42篇 |
2003年 | 24篇 |
2002年 | 27篇 |
2001年 | 21篇 |
2000年 | 18篇 |
1999年 | 9篇 |
1998年 | 15篇 |
1997年 | 12篇 |
1996年 | 8篇 |
1995年 | 12篇 |
1994年 | 9篇 |
1993年 | 5篇 |
1992年 | 8篇 |
1991年 | 5篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 7篇 |
1987年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 11篇 |
1983年 | 8篇 |
1982年 | 8篇 |
1981年 | 11篇 |
1980年 | 11篇 |
1979年 | 13篇 |
1978年 | 13篇 |
1977年 | 7篇 |
1975年 | 7篇 |
1974年 | 8篇 |
1973年 | 6篇 |
1972年 | 6篇 |
1971年 | 4篇 |
1968年 | 5篇 |
1966年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有733条查询结果,搜索用时 156 毫秒
491.
Damiano C. Weitowitz Louise Maurice Melinda Lewis John P. Bloomfield Julia Reiss Anne L. Robertson 《Hydrogeology Journal》2017,25(8):2453-2466
Groundwater ecosystems comprising micro-organisms and metazoans provide an important contribution to global biodiversity. Their complexity depends on geology, which determines the physical habitat available, and the chemical conditions within it. Despite this, methods of classifying groundwater habitats using geological data are not well established and researchers have called for higher resolution habitat frameworks. A novel habitat typology for England and Wales (UK) is proposed, which distinguishes 11 geological habitats (geo-habitats) on hydrogeological principles and maps their distribution. Hydrogeological and hydrochemical data are used to determine the characteristics of each geo-habitat, and demonstrate their differences. Using these abiotic parameters, a new method to determine abiotic habitat quality is then developed. The geo-habitats had significantly different characteristics, validating the classification system. All geo-habitats were highly heterogeneous, containing both high quality habitat patches that are likely to be suitable for fauna, and areas of low quality that may limit faunal distributions. Karstic and porous habitats generally were higher quality than fractured habitats. Overall, 70% of England and Wales are covered by lower quality fractured habitats, with only 13% covered by higher quality habitats. The main areas of high quality habitats occur in central England as north–south trending belts, possibly facilitating dispersal along this axis. They are separated by low quality geo-habitats that may prevent east-west dispersal of fauna. In south-west England and Wales suitable geo-habitats occur as small isolated patches. Overall, this paper provides a new national-scale typology that is adaptable for studies in other geographic areas. 相似文献
492.
Little research has been conducted on the restructuring activities of tenant farmers in response to changing tenancy legislation and recent CAP reforms. This paper examines the geography of farm tenancy agreements in England since 1995 and presents some findings from postal and telephone surveys on the possible future business trajectories of tenant farmers and the changing nature of landlord-tenant relationships. A clear north-south divide is identified in terms of farm tenancy agreements and a complex array of different tenancy agreements is demonstrated. The relationships between landlords and tenants are changing and the increasing variety of agreements provides evidence of a more fluid (post-feudal) system of agricultural leases. Nevertheless, high levels of uncertainty and negativity characterise tenant farmers’ views on the impacts of CAP reforms. Crucially, the very identity of a tenant farmer is changing, towards an owner-occupier who rents additional land, and there is an urgent need for more detailed research on the ‘consequential geographies’ of farm property rights and the changing nature of landlord-tenant relationships. 相似文献
493.
Multi-tracer investigation of groundwater residence time in a karstic aquifer: Bitter Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico, USA 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Several natural and anthropogenic tracers have been used to evaluate groundwater residence time within a karstic limestone aquifer in southeastern New Mexico, USA. Natural groundwater discharge occurs in the lower Pecos Valley from a region of karst springs, wetlands and sinkhole lakes at Bitter Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, on the northeast margin of the Roswell Artesian Basin. The springs and sinkholes are formed in gypsum bedrock that serves as a leaky confining unit for an artesian aquifer in the underlying San Andres limestone. Because wetlands on the Refuge provide habitat for threatened and endangered species, there is concern about the potential for contamination by anthropogenic activity in the aquifer recharge area. Estimates of the time required for groundwater to travel through the artesian aquifer vary widely because of uncertainties regarding karst conduit flow. A better understanding of groundwater residence time is required to make informed decisions about management of water resources and wildlife habitat at Bitter Lakes. Results indicate that the artesian aquifer contains a significant component of water recharged within the last 10–50 years, combined with pre-modern groundwater originating from deeper underlying aquifers, some of which may be indirectly sourced from the high Sacramento Mountains to the west. 相似文献
494.
Rachel Marie Wilson Jeffrey Chanton F. Graham Lewis Douglas Nowacek 《Estuaries and Coasts》2010,33(6):1406-1419
The goals of this study were to quantify organic matter source utilization by consumers in the freshwater-dominated region
(East Bay) of a high river flow estuary and compare the results to consumers in marine-influenced sites of the same estuary
to understand how organic matter utilization by consumers may be changing along the salinity gradient. We used the results
from these evaluations to establish the baseline against which we isotopically determined trophic level for consumers in East
Bay. Average isotope values for consumers sampled in East Bay ranged from −20.1‰ to −24.8‰ for carbon and from 8.9‰ to 14.3‰
for sulfur. These values were well-constrained by the four identified sources: plankton, benthic organic matter, macroalgae,
and terrestrial detritus. Application of a concentration-corrected mixing model resulted in contributions of benthic production
and detrital sources (averaged over the food web) to East Bay consumers of 41% and 33%, respectively, with the remainder made
up of plankton and benthic macroalage. While benthic organic matter was an important organic matter source for consumers at
both sites, we found that the influence of terrestrial detritus varied significantly throughout the bay. Terrestrial detritus
contributed only 18% of average total organic matter in organisms inhabiting marine-influenced sites. Although terrestrial
detritus did contribute to all consumers examined, most fish species in Apalachicola Bay reflect a greater reliance on autochthonous
sources. Our results suggest that, while terrestrial detritus does appear to be a major contributor to commercially important
shellfish species (most notably oysters and penaeid shrimp), it is not the major source fueling the diversity of secondary
production in Apalachicola Bay. Thus, production in Apalachicola Bay is highly dependent on riverine influx in two ways: (1)
economically important bivalves and crustaceans are being fueled by terrestrial organic matter supplied by river flooding
and (2) secondary and above consumer fish species are supported by in situ production which, in turn, is reliant on nutrients
supplied by the Apalachicola River. These findings are significant in light of decisions regarding water usage and river flow
restrictions in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint drainage basin. The results of this study confirm that in situ estuarine
organic matter is the dominant source supporting secondary production in this river-dominated estuary. 相似文献
495.
James D. Lee Jennifer C. Young Katie A. Read Jacqueline F. Hamilton James R. Hopkins Alastair C. Lewis Brian J. Bandy James Davey Peter Edwards Trevor Ingham Daniel E. Self Shona C. Smith Michael J. Pilling Dwayne E. Heard 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2009,64(1):53-76
Measurements of OH reactivity were made at the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory on the North Norfolk coast, UK in May 2004. A wide range of supporting species was also measured concurrently as part of the TORCH-2 field campaign, allowing a detailed study of the OH oxidation chemistry to be carried out. Measurements were made in a variety of air masses, with the 3 most prevalent being air from the Atlantic that arrived at the site from over mainland UK in a South Westerly direction, and much cleaner Northerly air that originated over the far North Sea or Arctic, passed over the North Sea and arrived at the site from a North/North Easterly direction. Direct OH reactivity measurements were made on 6 days during the campaign and with influence of 2 of the 3 air masses prevalent during the study period. The average, minimum and maximum measured OH reactivity are: 4.9, 1.3 and 9.7 respectively. The measured OH reactivity was compared to key OH sinks such as NO2 and CO and a general positive correlation was observed. OH reactivity (k′) was then calculated using the full range of OH sinks species that were measured (including >30 NMHCs) and their pseudo first order rate constants for reaction with OH. For much of the measurement period there is a significant difference between the measured and calculated k′, with an average value of k′meas- k′calc?=?1.9 s-1, indicative of unmeasured OH sinks. A zero-dimensional box model containing a subset of the Master Chemical Mechanism was used to calculate the OH reactivity more accurately. The simultaneously measured trace species were used as inputs to the model and their oxidative degradation was described by a chemical mechanism containing ~5,000 species. The extra OH sinks species produced by the model, resulted in an improvement in the agreement between k′meas and k′calc, however the averaged missing OH reactivity across the entire measurement period remained at 1.4 s-1. Speculation is made as to the source of this missing reactivity, including reference to studies showing that a potentially large number of high molecular weight aromatic species could be unmeasured by standard instrumentation. 相似文献
496.
L. J. Carpenter Z. L. Fleming K. A. Read J. D. Lee S. J. Moller J. R. Hopkins R. M. Purvis A. C. Lewis K. Müller B. Heinold H. Herrmann K. Wadinga Fomba D. van Pinxteren C. Müller I. Tegen A. Wiedensohler T. Müller N. Niedermeier E. P. Achterberg M. D. Patey E. A. Kozlova M. Heimann D. E. Heard J. M. C. Plane A. Mahajan H. Oetjen T. Ingham D. Stone L. K. Whalley M. J. Evans M. J. Pilling R. J. Leigh P. S. Monks A. Karunaharan S. Vaughan S. R. Arnold J. Tschritter D. Pöhler U. Frieß R. Holla L. M. Mendes H. Lopez B. Faria A. J. Manning D. W. R. Wallace 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2010,67(2-3):87-140
Observations of the tropical atmosphere are fundamental to the understanding of global changes in air quality, atmospheric oxidation capacity and climate, yet the tropics are under-populated with long-term measurements. The first three years (October 2006–September 2009) of meteorological, trace gas and particulate data from the global WMO/Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory Humberto Duarte Fonseca (CVAO; 16° 51′ N, 24° 52′ W) are presented, along with a characterisation of the origin and pathways of air masses arriving at the station using the NAME dispersion model and simulations of dust deposition using the COSMO-MUSCAT dust model. The observations show a strong influence from Saharan dust in winter with a maximum in super-micron aerosol and particulate iron and aluminium. The dust model results match the magnitude and daily variations of dust events, but in the region of the CVAO underestimate the measured aerosol optical thickness (AOT) because of contributions from other aerosol. The NAME model also captured the dust events, giving confidence in its ability to correctly identify air mass origins and pathways in this region. Dissolution experiments on collected dust samples showed a strong correlation between soluble Fe and Al and measured solubilities were lower at high atmospheric dust concentrations. Fine mode aerosol at the CVAO contains a significant fraction of non-sea salt components including dicarboxylic acids, methanesulfonic acid and aliphatic amines, all believed to be of oceanic origin. A marine influence is also apparent in the year-round presence of iodine and bromine monoxide (IO and BrO), with IO suggested to be confined mainly to the surface few hundred metres but BrO well mixed in the boundary layer. Enhanced CO2 and CH4 and depleted oxygen concentrations are markers for air-sea exchange over the nearby northwest African coastal upwelling area. Long-range transport results in generally higher levels of O3 and anthropogenic non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) in air originating from North America. Ozone/CO ratios were highest (up to 0.42) in relatively fresh European air masses. In air heavily influenced by Saharan dust the O3/CO ratio was as low as 0.13, possibly indicating O3 uptake to dust. Nitrogen oxides (NOx and NOy) show generally higher concentrations in winter when air mass origins are predominantly from Africa. High photochemical activity at the site is shown by maximum spring/summer concentrations of OH and HO2 of 9?×?106 molecule cm?3 and 6?×?108 molecule cm?3, respectively. After the primary photolysis source, the most important controls on the HOx budget in this region are IO and BrO chemistry, the abundance of HCHO, and uptake of HOx to aerosol. 相似文献
497.
Nicolas Lewis 《New Zealand geographer》2012,68(3):168-174
This review responds to Richard Peet's ‘policy regimes’ account of New Zealand's neoliberal experiment published in this volume of the New Zealand Geographer. It welcomes Peet's intervention, especially its comparative approach and its political economy focus, but suggests further insight may have been gained from closer engagement with the work of New Zealand geographers. The review argues that Peet misses opportunities to learn from the New Zealand case. The review subjects a ‘northern’ account of southern experience to a critique by ‘splitting’, a characteristically southern approach to analysing social change from the Antipodes that pays close attention to the situatedness of knowledge production. 相似文献
498.
Serpent River Bog lies north of North Channel, 10 m above Lake Huron and 15 m below the Nipissing Great Lake level. A 2.3 m
Holocene sequence contains distinct alternating beds of inorganic clastic clay and organic peat that are interpreted as evidence
of successive inundation and isolation by highstands and lowstands of the large Huron-Basin lake. Lowstand phases are confirmed
by the presence of shallow-water pollen and plant macrofossil remains in peat units. Twelve 14C dates on peat, wood and plant macrofossils combined with previously published 14C ages of lake-level indicators confirm much of the known early Holocene lake-level history with one notable exception. A
new Late Mattawa highstand (8,390 [9,400 cal]–8,220 [9,200 cal] BP) evidenced by a sticky blue-grey clay bed is tied to outburst
floods of glacial Lake Minong during erosion of the Nadoway drift barrier in the eastern Lake Superior basin. A subsequent
Late Mattawa highstand (8,110 [9,040 cal]–8,060 [8,970 cal] BP) is attributed to enhanced meltwater inflows that first had
deposited thick varves throughout Superior Basin. Inundation by the Nadoway floods and possibly the last Mattawa flood were
likely responsible for termination of the Olson Forest (southern Lake Michigan). A pollen diagram supports the recognized
progression of Holocene vegetation, and defines a subzone implying a very dry, cool climate about 7.8–7.5 (8.6–8.3 cal) ka
BP based on the Alnus crispa profile during the Late Stanley lowstand. A new date of 9,470 ± 25 (10,680–10,750 cal) BP on basal peat over lacustrine clay
at Espanola West Bog supports the previous interpretation of the Early Mattawa highstand at ca. 9,500 (10,740 cal) BP. The
organic and clastic sediment units at these two bogs are correlated with other records showing coherent evidence of Holocene
repeated inundation and isolation around northern Lake Huron. Taken together the previous and new lake-level data suggest
that the Huron and Georgian basin lakes were mainly closed lowstands throughout early Holocene time except for short-lived
highstands. Three of the lowstands were exceptionally low, and likely caused three episodes of offshore sediment erosion which
had been previously identified as seismo-stratigraphic sequence boundaries. 相似文献
499.
C. F. M. Lewis G. D. M. Cameron T. W. Anderson C. W. HeilJr. P. L. Gareau 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2012,47(3):493-511
Water levels in the Lake Erie basin are inferred from glacial lake times to present. An era of early to middle Holocene lowstands
is defined below outlets by a submerged paleo-beach, and truncated reflectors in glaciolacustrine sediment beneath a mud-covered
wave-cut terrace. Also, the glacial clay surface above the paleo-shore level has elevated shear strength because of porewater
drainage during subaerial exposure. Below the paleo-shore where exposure did not occur, clay strength remained normal. Sedimentation
rates were reduced during the lowstands. The distortion of once-level shore zone indicators by differential glacial rebound
was removed by computing original elevations of the indicators using an empirical model of rebound based on observations of
upwarped former lake shorelines. Erie water-level history was inferred from a plot of the original elevations of lake-level
constraints and outlets versus age. The lake history was validated by reference to ~83 water-level indicators, not used as
constraints. During the deglaciation, lake-crossing moraines were likely eroded by fluvial drainage into low-level Lake Ypsilanti
and a subsequent unnamed low lake to produce the Lorain Valley and Pennsylvania Channel. Once inflow from the upper Great
Lakes basins was directed to Ottawa Valley about 10,400 (12,270 cal BP), Erie water levels descended in a dry, evaporative
climate to a closed lowstand during which ostracode δ18O increased ~2‰ above present values. Lake level began to rise 6,000 to 7,000 (6,830 to 7,860 cal) BP in response to increased
atmospheric moisture and later, to northern inflow as the Nipissing Transgression returned upper Great Lakes drainage to Lake
Erie by about 5,200 (6,000 cal) BP. At that time, the lake overflowed the uplifted Lyell–Johnson Sill north (downstream) of
the present Niagara Falls at higher-than-present levels. After recession of the Falls breached this sill about ~3,500 (~3,770 cal)
BP, Lake Erie fell 3–4 m to its present Fort Erie–Buffalo Sill. The extended low-water phase with its isolated sub-basins
could have restricted migration of aquatic fauna. The early to middle Holocene closed-basin response highlights the sensitivity
of Lake Erie to climatic reductions in its water budget. 相似文献
500.