Hydrogeological analysis and salvage of a deep coalmine after a groundwater inrush

This paper presents a case history of the permanent salvage of the Sanhejian Coalmine in China after a sudden groundwater inrush, which includes emergency responses, hydrogeological analyses, and design and performance of bulkheads. The inrush accident occurred in October 2002 in the mined-out area with a high water pressure of 7.6 MPa and a high water temperature of 51°C. The emergency response quickly followed up to provide the time required to perform a detailed hydrogeological analysis to identify the source and pathway of groundwater. The Sanhejian Coalmine is geologically located in the Tengxian anticline hydrogeological setting. The Sunshidian fault, the northern boundary of the mine, was assumed impermeable in the original hydrogeological report. After the accident and hydrogeological analysis, this assessment was revised and the fault was considered to be permeable. The Sunshidian fault connects the strata in the mine and the excellent water-productive Middle Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the core of the Tengxian anticline. It was concluded that the water inrush was from the underlying Ordovician karst aquifer and the pathway was a hidden tectonic structure in the strata overlying the aquifer. This assessment served as the guideline for salvaging the mine in this project. After a detailed technical and economic analysis, a concrete bulkhead design was selected from several alternatives including dewatering and surface grouting. The performance of the bulkheads has been sufficient for the last 6 years since their construction. This case history shows that the hydrogeological analysis plays an essential role in successfully salvaging the coalmine from the water inrush by identifying the source and pathway of groundwater.     

中美两国的地裂缝灾害

无震地裂现象常与地面沉降相伴生,在中国的7个省、美国的6个州致灾严重．中国现代地裂灾害观察研究滞后于美国约半个世纪．两国地裂的形成、演化、致灾及对策诸方面的对比研究表明,地裂灾害属自然与人类活动因素相叠加而引起的环境地质灾害．构造因素决定了地裂出现的位置,而人类活动因素,即过量开采地下水、石油等,决定了地裂致灾的强度．因而,相应的减灾措施既有科学技术方面的,也有社会管理方面的．本文给出的两国减灾实例可供参考．     

勒氏笛鲷Lutjanus russelli Bleeker的年龄和生长研究

采用胸鳍覆盖处的体表鳞片为研究勒笛绸年龄的鉴定材料，判断年轮的依据是以环片切割现象为主，结合环片排列的疏密现象。鳞径（Ｒ）与体长（Ｌ）的关系为Ｌ＝１９．８１５９＋６３．３６９６Ｒ。用ＶｏｎＢｅｒｔａｌａｎｆｆｙ生长方程可表达体长、体重与年龄的关系为Ｌ＝４６９．８［１－ｅ－０．２４２５（ｔ＋０．３７６２）］、Ｗｔ＝３３６６．６［１－ｅ－０．２４２　５（ｔ＋０．３７６　２）］３，生长拐点ｔｒ＝４．１５ａ。作为渔业管理对策，勒氏笛鲷捕捞年龄应定在４龄以上，人工养殖年限以２～３龄最好。     

Distribution of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Ny-Alesund of the Arctic

Sediment, moss and animal-dropping samples were collected from pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Arctic area. OCPs and PCBs were analyzed using the capillary gas chromatography (GC-ECD). Recoveries of three surrogates were at a range of 69.5～92.2% (mean: 78.8%), 75.1～112.1% (98.5%) and 67.7～95.1% (79.5%), and the relative standard deviations were 6.7%, 8.0% and 11.3%, respectively. The major monomers of OCPs were hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and DDTs. Their concentrations were at a range of 0.86～4.50 ng/g (mean: 2.24 ng/g) and 0.22～1.09 ng/g (mean: 0.55 ng/g). The concentrations of PCBs were 0.20～3.25 ng/g (mean: 0.84 ng/g) and the major congeners were tetra-, penta-, and hexa-PCBs, which were up to 23.8%、26.7% and 32.3% of total PCBs, respectively. Based on the results of the ratio analysis and the principal component analysis, the atmospheric transport is believed be one     

Spatial and Temporal Changes of Wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from the 1970s to 2010s

Wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) perform a dazzling array of vital ecological functions and are one of the most fragile ecosystems in the world. Timely and accurate information describing wetland resources and their changes over time is becoming more important in their protection and conservation. By using remote sensing data, this study intended to investigate spatial distribution and temporal variations of wetlands on the QTP at different watershed scales from 1970s to 2010s. Results show that wetlands on the QTP have undergone widespread degradation from 1970s to 2010s, with nearly 6.4% of their area being lost. Areas of freshwater marsh, salt marsh and wet meadow declined by 46.6%, 53.9% and 15.6%, respectively, while lake area increased by 14.6%. The most extensive losses of natural wetlands have occurred in endorheic basins, such as in the Kunlun-Altun-Qilian Drainage Basin and Qiangtang Basin, which shrank by 44.5% and 33.1%, respectively. A pronounced increase in temperature tends to facilitate the evaporation process and reduce water availability for wetlands. One-third of the wetlands on the QTP are under threat of being submerged due to lakes rising in recent years. More research is needed to gain insight into the interaction mechanisms behind observed variations and potential impacts from further warming in the future.     

兰州1125年7级地震考证与发震构造分析

对历史地震资料的详细考证，黄土地震滑坡的调查及兰州地区活动断裂的追踪考察表明：在兰州1125年地震中遭毁坏的“金城六城”之一的益机滩堡在今兰州市西固区河口以南的潍尼龙厂内，由此确定的六城范围在今兰州市西固区以南至河口一带，这与本区黄土地震滑坡的分布范围，全新世活动断裂的展布及地震破裂带遗迹的分布相吻合，综合分析认为，兰州1125年7级地震的发震构造应为兰州市区以南，距市区最近距离仅4km的马衔山北缘活动断裂带西端的咸水沟断裂段。     

Modelling the petroleum generation and migration of the third member of the Shahejie Formation (Es3) in the Banqiao Depression of Bohai Bay Basin,Eastern China

The mudstones in the third member of the Shahejie Formation (Es3) are the primary source rocks in the Banqiao Depression of Bohai Bay Basin. They are rich in organic matter with Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content up to 3.5%. The sandstones in the Es3 member are the deepest proven hydrocarbon reservoir rocks with measured porosity and permeability values ranging from 3.6% to 32.4% and from 0.01 md to 3283.7 md, respectively. One, two and three-dimensional basin modelling studies were performed to analyse the petroleum generation and migration history of the Es3 member in the Banqiao Depression based on the reconstruction of the burial, thermal and maturity history in order to evaluate the remaining potential of this petroleum province. The modelling results are calibrated with measured vitrinite reflectance (R_o), borehole temperatures and some drilling results of 63 wells in the study area. Calibration of the model with thermal maturity and borehole temperature data indicates that the present-day heat flow in the Banqiao Depression varies from 59.8 mW/m² to 61.7 mW/m² and the paleo-heat flow increased from 65 Ma to 50.4 Ma, reached a peak heat-flow values of approximately 75 mW/m² at 50.4 Ma and then decreased exponentially from 50.4 Ma to present-day. The source rocks of the Es3 member are presently in a stage of oil and condensate generation with maturity from 0.5% to 1.8% R_o and had maturity from 0.5% to 1.25% R_o at the end of the Dongying Formation (Ed) deposition (26 Ma). Oil generation (0.5% R_o) in the Es3 member began from about 37 Ma to 34 Ma and the peak hydrocarbon generation (1.0% R_o) occurred approximately from 30 Ma to 15 Ma. The modelled hydrocarbon expulsion evolution suggested that the timing of hydrocarbon expulsion from the Es3 member source rocks began from 31 Ma to 10 Ma with the peak hydrocarbon expulsion shortly after 26 Ma. Secondary petroleum migration pathways in the Es3 member of the Banqiao Depression are modelled based on the structure surfaces at 26 Ma and present-day, respectively. The migration history modelling results have accurately predicted the petroleum occurrences within the Es3 member of the Banqiao Depression based on the calibration with drilling results of 10 oil-producing wells, one well with oil shows and 52 dry holes. Six favorable zones of oil accumulations in the Es3 member of the Banqiao Depression are identified especially oil accumulation zones I and II due to their proximity to the generative kitchens, short oil migration distances and the presence of a powerful drive force.     

ET理论与应用

在世行节水灌溉项目和GEF海河项目实施以来，馆陶县对项目“真实”节水即减少ET（蒸腾蒸发量），由传统水资源管理到ET管理经历了一个渐进的过程，根据世行和中央项目办的要求和专家的ET理论，认真进行实践，取得了显著的资源性节水效果，建立了一个大气水、地袁补给水和地下水动态平衡模型，出台了以ET为水权决策基线的可操作的《水资源分配与水权体系建设方案》，把ET理论纳入水权管理轨道。本文对ET理论以及在馆陶县的应用进行了简要介绍。     

Comparison of elemental composition of macerals determined by electron microprobe to whole-coal ultimate analysis data

The elemental composition of the individual macerals in a suite of Australian coals has been determined in polished sections using light-element electron microprobe techniques. The analyses of the individual macerals in each coal were combined with data on maceral abundance to produce an inferred chemical composition for the organic matter of the respective whole-coal samples, and this was compared, for each sample, to the respective whole-coal ultimate analysis data, corrected to a dry, ash-free (daf) basis. Except for slightly lower values in some lower-rank coals, the inferred percentages of whole-coal C estimated from the microprobe data were found to be very close to the respective whole-coal C percentages as determined by conventional ultimate analysis. The proportion of O in the coals indicated by the microprobe study, however, appears to be as much as 2% higher than that derived from the ultimate analysis data, especially in the lower-rank coal samples. The difference it may represent errors in calculating the O percentages in ultimate analysis, errors in the microprobe analysis due to difficulties in calibration or measurement, or increased proportions of O in the coals due to factors such as take-up with storage of the polished sections. The percentages of whole-coal N calculated from the microprobe data are up to 0.5% (absolute) below the proportion of N determined directly by whole-coal ultimate analysis. This may reflect the inherent difficulty of dealing with a light element at low concentrations by the microprobe technique, or it may indicate that some of the N occurs in the coals in mineral form. The percentages of whole-coal (organic) S calculated from the microprobe study are close to the percentages of organic S determined for each sample by more conventional techniques. With the exception of (organic) O, which may be affected by other factors, and also possibly of N, the electron microprobe technique appears from the study to provide results that are consistent with ultimate analysis over a wide rank range.     

长江经济带空气质量指数的时空特征及驱动因素分析 ——基于贝叶斯空间计量模型的实证

基于2015年长江经济带126个城市空气质量监测数据,首先利用探索性空间数据分析方法揭示了空气质量指数（AQI）的时空演变特征,然后采用贝叶斯空间滞后模型探讨了长江经济带空气质量指数的社会经济驱动因素。研究结果表明：① 长江经济带年AQI在空间上整体具有东高西低,长江以北高长江以南低的分布特点,具有明显的空间集聚特征。空气污染严重的热点地区主要集中长三角城市群的江苏省、浙北地区、皖北大部分地区以及上海市。空气质量较好的冷点地区则主要集中在云南省、四川的攀枝花以及贵州的大部分地区。② 长江经济带AQI在季节上呈现冬春高、夏秋低的季节变化趋势。总体而言,四季的高值集聚主要分布在鄂皖苏,低值集聚主要分布在云贵地区。③ 贝叶斯空间滞后模型回归结果显示,长江经济带空气质量存在显著的空间溢出效应。此外,模型结果证实了“环境库兹涅兹曲线”假说;FDI回归系数为正,支持了“污染避难所”假说;人口密度、公路客运量均是导致空气污染加剧的重要因素,而第三产业比重和建成区绿化覆盖率增加有利于长江经济带空气质量的改善。