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211.
The role of water ice clouds in the martian water cycle and climate depends on cloud properties such as particle size and number distribution. These properties, in turn, depend on heterogeneous nucleation parameters which are poorly understood. Here we report laboratory experiments performed under martian temperature and water partial pressure conditions (158–185 K, 9 × 10−7–1 × 10−4 Torr H2O) to determine the critical saturation ratio for ice onset, Scrit, as a function of temperature and dust composition. Using infrared spectroscopy to monitor ice nucleation and growth, we find a significant barrier to ice formation, with a pronounced temperature dependence. Even on clay minerals which show uptake of non-crystalline water before ice nucleation, we find a saturation ratio of 2.5 or more (RHice > 250%) is needed to begin ice growth at temperatures near 160 K. These results could lead to changes of four orders of magnitude in the nucleation rate relative to the presumptions used currently in Mars microphysical models, which commonly set the contact parameter, m, to a single value of 0.95. Our results range from m = 0.84 to m = 0.98. For ice nucleation on Arizona Test Dust, the temperature dependence is described by m = 0.0046 * Tnucl + 0.1085, while m = 0.0055 * Tnucl + 0.0003 on a smectite-rich clay sample. Our findings suggest that cloud formation will be more difficult than previously thought, potentially leading to areas of increased near-surface humidity but generally drier conditions in the atmosphere of Mars, overall. 相似文献
212.
Curtis M. Oldenburg Jennifer L. Lewicki Lehua Pan Laura Dobeck Lee Spangler 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,60(2):241-250
A numerical experiment was carried out to test whether the patchy CO2 emission patterns observed at the Zero Emissions Research and Technology release facility are caused by the presence of packers
that divide the horizontal injection well into six CO2-injection zones. A three-dimensional model of the horizontal well and cobble–soil system was developed and simulations using
TOUGH2/EOS7CA were carried out. Simulation results show patchy emissions for the seven-packer (six-injection-zone) configuration
of the field test. Numerical experiments were then conducted for the cases of 24 packers (23 injection zones) and an effectively
infinite number of packers. The time to surface breakthrough and the number of patches increased as the number of packers
increased suggesting that packers and associated along-pipe flow are the origin of the patchy emissions. In addition, it was
observed that early breakthrough occurs at locations where the horizontal well pipe is shallow and installed mostly in soil
rather than the deeper cobble. In the cases where the pipe is installed at shallow depths and directly in the soil, higher
pipe gas saturations occur than where the pipe is installed slightly deeper in the cobble. It is believed this is an effect
mostly relevant to the model rather than the field system and arises through the influence of capillarity, permeability, and
pipe elevation of the soil compared to the cobble adjacent to the pipe. 相似文献
213.
An isolated block of Precambrian basement rocks and Mesozoic sediments is exposed at Kella along the western margin of the Central Main Ethiopian Rift (MER), surrounded by Tertiary to Quaternary volcanic rocks. Apatite fission‐track thermochronology on two basement samples yielded ages of 7.2 ± 1.0 Ma and 6.7 ± 3.0 Ma and a long mean track length (>14.5 μm). Rapid Late Miocene cooling is attributed to denudation related to rifting. Despite the paucity of data, due to the absence of suitable lithologies in the area, our data confirm that the Central MER is younger than 8 Ma as recently proposed on the basis of field evidence and radiometric dating of volcanics. This implies that the Central MER formed after the Northern MER, indicating a diachronous development of this third arm of the Red Sea–Gulf of Aden–Ethiopian Rift system. Terra Nova, 00, 000–000, 2010 相似文献
214.
Surface water–groundwater interaction in the hyporheic zone may enhance biogeochemical cycling in streams, and it has been hypothesized that streams exchanging more water with the hyporheic zone should have more rapid nitrate utilization. We used simultaneous conservative solute and nitrate addition tracer tests to measure transient storage (which includes hyporheic exchange and in‐stream storage) and the rate of nitrate uptake along three reaches within the Red Canyon Creek watershed, Wyoming. We calibrated a one‐dimensional transport model, incorporating transient storage (OTIS‐P), to the conservative solute breakthrough curves and used the results to determine the degree of transient storage in each reach. The nitrate uptake length was quantified from the exponential decrease in nitrate concentration with distance during the tracer tests. Nitrate uptake along the most downstream reach of Red Canyon Creek was rapid (turnover time K?1c = 32 min), compared with nitrate uptake reported in other studies (K?1c = 12 to 551 min), but other sites within the watershed showed little nitrate retention or loss. The uptake length Sw‐NO?3 for the most downstream reach was 500 m and the mass transfer coefficient Vf‐NO?3 was 6·3 m min?1. Results from 15 other nitrate‐addition tracer tests were used to create a regression model relating transient storage and measures of stream flow to nitrate uptake length. The model, which includes specific discharge and transient storage area, explains almost half the variability in nitrate uptake length (adjusted R2 = 0·44) and is most effective for comparing sites with very different stream characteristics. Although large differences in specific discharge and storage zone area explain inter‐site differences in nitrate uptake, other unmeasured variables, such as available organic carbon and microbial community composition, are likely important for predicting differences in nitrate uptake between sites with similar specific discharge rates and storage zone areas, such as when making intra‐site comparisons. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
215.
Beatriz Bádenas Marc Aurell José Carlos García-Ramos Beatriz González Laura Piñuela 《地学学报》2009,21(3):162-170
The diagenetic overprint in rhythmic hemipelagic successions can either enhance or change the original distribution of CaCO3 , but it is difficult to evaluate its effect because in most field examples, it is not possible to distinguish between sedimentary and diagenetic features. The rhythmic succession of the Pliensbachian of Asturias (Spain) shows alternation of bioclastic and laminated/burrowed intervals. The original content of carbonate brought by storms from shallow areas was larger in the bioclastic horizons. However, there is a widespread mismatch between facies alternations and the observed lithological rhythms. The diagenetic redistribution of CaCO3 resulted in successive limestone–marl/clay couplets that do not match (either in number or in the location of the boundaries) the sedimentary cycles defined by facies alternations. We conclude that interpreting the limestone–marl rhythms as a direct response to primary changes is highly questionable, unless there is unequivocal proof of a sedimentary origin of the alternation of the two lithologies. 相似文献
216.
Felipe García-Rodríguez Laura Del Puerto Carola Castieira Hugo Inda Roberto Bracco Peter Spechmann Burkhard Wilhelm Scharf 《Limnologica》2001,31(3)
Physical, chemical and biological data from a sedimentary profile of Rocha lagoon (Uruguay) are presented. Analyses of silica remains showed that opal phytoliths, diatoms, sponge spicules and chrysophyte cysts were the most important contributors to biogenic silica. Organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were used to infer past trophic development. Physical analysis of sediments allowed us to identify five lithological units related to sea level variation and climatic events. 相似文献
217.
U and Th concentrations and isotope ratios in modern carbonates and waters from the Bahamas 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The short residence times of Th and Pa in seawater make them very responsive to changes in the ocean environment. We use a new multi-ion-counting technique to make Th and Pa isotope measurements in seawaters from a near-shore environment in which oceanic chemical tracers are not overwhelmed by terrestrial inputs (the Bahamas). An unusual feature of the Bahamas setting is the shallow depth of water residing on the bank tops. These waters have significantly lower 232Th/230Th (∼10,000) than those immediately adjacent to the banks (24,000-31,000) and a (231Pa/230Th) near the production ratio (∼0.1). The change in 232Th/230Th and (231Pa/230Th) on the bank tops is explained by almost quantitative removal of Th and Pa by scavenging, and their replacement with a mixture of 230Th and 231Pa alpha-recoiled from the underlying carbonates, together with Th from dust dissolution. Analysis of a water profile in the Tongue of the Ocean, which separates the Great and Little Bahama Banks, allows us to trace the movement of bank-top water to depth. A distinct minimum in both 232Th/230Th (∼13,000) and (231Pa/230Th) (∼0.5) is observed at ∼430 m and is interpreted to reflect density cascading of bank-top water with entrained carbonate sediment. These results suggest that Th and Pa can be used as water-mass tracers in near-shore environments. Uranium concentration measurements on the same waters demonstrate that U is conservative across a range in salinity of 2 psu, with a concentration of 3.33 ppb (at a salinity of 35).The incorporation of U and Th isotopes into marine carbonates has also been assessed by analyzing carbonate samples from the same location as these Bahamas waters. Such incorporation is critical for U-Th geochronology. U isotope analyses demonstrate that seawater δ234U averages 146.6 and does not vary by more than 2.5%o, and that carbonates capture this value. Additional high precision measurements (≈±1%o) on modern carbonates confirm that all oceans have identical δ234U. Modern marine carbonates are shown to have 232Th/230Th ratios that reflect the local seawater in which they formed. 相似文献
218.
Habitat requirements for submerged aquatic vegetation in Chesapeake Bay: Water quality, light regime, and physical-chemical factors 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
W. Michael Kemp Richard Batleson Peter Bergstrom Virginia Carter Charles L. Gallegos William Hunley Lee Karrh Evamaria W. Koch Jurate M. Landwehr Kenneth A. Moore Laura Murray Michael Naylor Nancy B. Rybicki J. Court Stevenson David J. Wilcox 《Estuaries and Coasts》2004,27(3):363-377
We developed an algorithm for calculating habitat suitability for seagrasses and related submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) at coastal sites where monitoring data are available for five water quality variables that govern light availability at the leaf surface. We developed independent estimates of the minimum light required for SAV survival both as a percentage of surface light passing though the water column to the depth of SAV growth (PLW min) and as a percentage of light reaching reaching leaves through the epiphyte layer (PLL min). Value were computed by applying, as inputs to this algorithm, statistically dervived values for water quality variables that correspond to thresholds for SAV presence in Chesapeake Bay. These estimates ofPLW min andPLL min compared well with the values established from a literature review. Calcultations account for tidal range, and total light attenuation is partitioned into water column and epiphyte contributions. Water column attenuation is further partitioned into effects of chlorophylla (chla), total suspended solids (TSS) and other substances. We used this algorithm to predict potential SAV presence throughout the Bay where calculated light available at plant leaves exceededPLL min. Predictions closely matched results of aerial photographic monitoring surveys of SAV distribution. Correspondence between predictions and observations was particularly strong in the mesohaline and polythaline regions, which contain 75–80% of all potential SAV sites in this estuary. The method also allows for independent assessment of effects of physical and chemical factors other than light in limiting SAV growth and survival. Although this algorithm was developed with data from Chesapeake Bay, its general structure allows it to be calibrated and used as a quantitative tool for applying water quality data to define suitability of specific sites as habitats for SAV survival in diverse coastal environments worldwide. 相似文献
219.
Ryan Mathur Joaquin Ruiz Laura Liermann Susan Brantley 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(22):5233-5246
The isotopic composition of dissolved Cu and solid Cu-rich minerals [δ65Cu (‰) = (65Cu/63Cusample/65Cu/63Custd) - 1)*1000] were monitored in batch oxidative dissolution experiments with and without Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Aqueous copper in leach fluids released during abiotic oxidation of both chalcocite and chalcopyrite was isotopically heavier (δ65Cu = 5.34‰ and δ65Cu = 1.90‰, respectively, [±0.16 at 2σ]) than the initial starting material (δ65Cu = 2.60 ± 0.16‰ and δ65Cu = 0.58 ± 0.16‰, respectively). Isotopic mass balance between the starting material, aqueous copper, and secondary minerals precipitated in these experiments explains the heavier isotopic values of aqueous copper. In contrast, aqueous copper from leached chalcocite and chalcopyrite inoculated with Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was isotopically similar to the starting material. The lack of fractionation of the aqueous copper in the biotic experiments can best be explained by assuming a sink for isotopically heavy copper present in the bacteria cells with δ65Cu = 5.59 ± 0.16‰. Consistent with this inference, amorphous Cu-Fe oxide minerals are observed surrounding cell membranes of Thiobacillus grown in the presence of dissolved Cu and Fe.Extrapolating these experiments to natural supergene environments implies that release of isotopically heavy aqueous Cu from oxidative leach caps, especially under abiotic conditions, should result in precipitates in underlying enrichment blankets that are isotopically heavy. Where iron-oxidizing cells are involved, isotopically heavy oxidized Cu entrained in cellular material may become associated with leach caps, causing the released aqueous Cu to be less isotopically enriched in the heavy isotope than predicted for the abiotic system. Rayleigh fractionation trends with fractionation factors calculated from our experiments for both biotic and abiotic conditions are consistent with large numbers of individual abiotic or biotic leaching events, explaining the supergene chalcocites in the Morenci and Silver Bell porphyry copper deposits. 相似文献
220.
Observations of physical effects from tsunamis of December 30, 2002 at Stromboli volcano, southern Italy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stefano Tinti Alessandra Maramai Alberto Armigliato Laura Graziani Anna Manucci Gianluca Pagnoni Filippo Zaniboni 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2006,68(5):450-461
On December 30, 2002, following an intense period of activity of Stromboli volcano (south Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy), complex mass failures occurred on the northwest slope of the mountain which also involved the underwater portion of the volcanic edifice for a total volume of about 2–3×107 m3. Two main landslides occurred within a time separation of 7 min, and both set tsunami waves in motion that hit the coasts of Stromboli causing injuries to three people and severe damage to buildings and structures. The tsunamis also caused damage on the island of Panarea, some 20 km to the SSE from the source. They were observed all over the Aeolian archipelago, at the island of Ustica to the west, along the northern Sicily coasts to the south as well as along the Tyrrhenian coasts of Calabria to the east and in Campania to the north. This paper presents field observations that were made in the days and weeks immediately following the events. The results of the quantitative investigations undertaken in the most affected places, namely along the coasts of Stromboli and on the island of Panarea, are reported in order to highlight the dynamics of the attacking waves and their impact on the physical environment, on the coastal structures and on the coastal residential zone. In Stromboli, the tsunami waves were most violent along the northern and northeastern coastal belt between Punta Frontone and the village of Scari, with maximum runup heights of about 11 m measured on the beach of Spiaggia Longa. Measured runups were observed to decay rapidly with distance from the source, typical of tsunami waves generated by limited-area sources such as landslides. 相似文献