不同土地利用下岩溶水系统水化学日动态强度小波分析

土地利用/覆被变化会使岩溶水系统演化的化学驱动能——土壤CO2量发生变化,进而使得岩溶水系统的水化学日动态变化强度发生变化。小波分析方法可以有效识别岩溶水系统的水化学日动态变化强度,并给出定量化的指标。通过对亚热带季风气候区的贵州省陈旗、灯盏河与板寨岩溶水系统长达2年的水文水化学监测数据进行小波分析,发现有土壤覆盖但土地利用程度较高的岩溶水系统(陈旗和灯盏河),其排泄点水化学指标中CO2分压日动态强度要高于植被覆盖良好但岩石裸露的岩溶水系统(板寨)排泄点,说明岩溶水系统中土壤对水化学日动态强度的调控有着关键的作用。这一发现对于正确理解和评价不同土地利用下的岩溶作用及其碳汇强度差异有着重要的意义。     

黄土对含油废水的吸附作用研究

通过静态吸附实验,研究了兰州地区黄土对含油废水中石油类污染物的吸附作用,并对温度、pH、土壤粒径、有机质含量和含盐量等影响吸附作用的因素进行了分析。实验结果表明:该类型黄土对可溶性石油饱和溶液的吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附模式,其吸附能力随温度、pH的升高而降低;吸附量随土壤粒径的减小呈增大趋势;吸附量与土壤有机质含量、含盐量呈线性关系,随着有机质含量、含盐量的增高吸附量增大。     

环形超深基坑围护结构受力变形特性分析

结合上海世博500 kV变电站超深基坑实际工程,采用平面应变及轴对称弹性地基有限元分析模型对基坑围护结构的空间效应进行简化,分析了环形基坑空间效应、内衬墙以及水土压力模式对围护结构受力变形特性的影响,并与实测结果进行比较。结果表明,环形基坑围护结构的空间效应对其受力变形特性影响很大,在计算过程中必须考虑围护结构环向刚度对径向刚度的贡献;内衬墙作用类似于环形支撑,对地下连续墙受力及变形是有利的;地下连续墙水平位移实测值最接近于侧压力系数1.0的轴对称有限元分析结果;地下连续墙环向应力和弯矩实测值位于按规范水土分算与侧压力系数1.0的轴对称有限元计算结果之间。     

软弱围岩隧道取消系统锚杆的现场试验研究

在软弱围岩隧道中,提出初期支护结构由钢架+喷射混凝土+钢筋网+锁脚锚杆+纵向连接筋组成,即取消系统锚杆用钢架联结处的锁脚锚杆代替。以包家山隧道为依托工程,采用现场试验的方法,选取2个试验段,进行锁脚锚杆取代系统锚杆后,有、无拱部锚杆的对比试验研究。对比试验的内容包括：隧道初期支护的净空收敛、围岩压力、钢架应力、喷射混凝土应力、锚杆轴力和纵向连接筋应力等。研究结果表明：2个试验段初期支护变形趋于稳定,结构受力安全,说明取消系统锚杆不影响初期支护结构的安全与稳定;拱部锚杆有受拉,也有受压,但受力都不大,最大拉应力仅为钢材极限强度的11.8%,其支护作用不明显;锁脚锚杆大部分受拉,最大值达到191 MPa,钢架支护作用明显,在支护体系中发挥着重要作用。取消系统锚杆减少了施工工序,降低了工程造价,缩短了工序循环时间,有利于及早封闭围岩以形成完整的支护结构。经济价值和社会效益显著。     

航空瞬变电磁法的全时域视电阻率计算方法

鉴于ATEM数据量大质低的特点,视电阻率仍是最有效而直观的参数.本文给出了适用于ATEM多种观测条件下(包括各种装置类型,发送波形,关断电流等情况)的全时域视电阻率的计算方法,并对典型层状大地模型的理论瞬变电磁响应作了全时域视电阻率及其对应等效深度的计算.结果表明,全时域视电阻率随等效深度变化的曲线可定性反映地下介质电性特征,并可近似估计低阻或高阻层上界面深度.对于非单调下降的瞬变电磁曲线,该方法也能取得较好的计算结果.     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON UPPER CRUSTAL VELOCITY STRUCTURE IN THE THREE GORGES RESERVOIR AREA

In this paper, using the double difference tomography method, the P wave and S wave velocity structures of the earth's crust beneath the Three Gorges Reservoir are inversed based on the high-resolution seismic data of seismological stations recorded from March 2009 to December 2010. According to the research results, the P wave and S wave crust velocity zones in the Three Gorges Reservoir area show a high V_P value area and a V_S value area with value low in the lower part and high in the upper part, distributing respectively at both sides of Shennongxi River to western Xietan in the north of Badong and near the outlet of the Xiangxi River at the northern section on Xiannvshan Fault. In the region from the two sides of Shennong River in the north of Badong to the western Xietan, microseisms are distributed in three zones in near east-west direction, with steep and north-dipping sections, spreading along the high-to-low velocity transition zone of the P and S wave. On the northern section of Xiannvshan Fault, small earthquakes are distributed along the NNW-trending Xiannvshan Fault, and the geological section reveals a steep and linear distribution along the transitional zone between the high V_P value area and the V_S value that is low in the upper and high in the lower part. Joint inversion results show a good consistency of the planes of the microseisms with the distribution of active faults.     

DATA COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN SFM DATA AND DGPS DATA: A CASE STUDY FROM FAULT SCARP IN THE EAST BANK OF HONGSHUIBA RIVER,NORTHERN MARGIN OF THE QILIAN SHAN

With the development of the techniques acquiring high-resolution digital terrain data,the digital terrain data acquisition technology has been widespread applied to the geoscience research.A revolutionary,low-cost and simply operative SfM (Structure from Motion) technology will make obtain high-resolution DEM data more convenient for researches on active tectonics.This paper summarizes the basic principles and workflows of SfM technology and processes and selects the Hongshuiba River area along the northern margin of the Qilian Shan to conduct data collection.We use a series of digital pictures to produce a texture with geographic information,in which data resolution is 6.73cm/pix and average density of point cloud is 220.667 point/m².The coverage area is 0.286km².Further,in order to compare the accuracy between SfM data and differential GPS (DGPS) data in details,SfM data are vertically shifted and tilt-corrected.After optimizing corrections of SfM data,the absolute value of elevation difference between two data substantially concentrates around 20cm,roughly equivalent to 2-folds of data error only after the elevation error correction.Elevation difference between two data is 10~15cm in 90% confidence interval.The maximum error is about 30cm,but accounts for less than 10%.Along the direction of fault trace,the height of fault scarp extracted from SfM data shows that vertical displacement of the latest tectonic activity in the east bank of Hongshuiba River is about 1m,and some minimum scarps height may be 0.3m.The results show SfM technology with high vertical accuracy can be able to replace differential GPS in high-precision topographic survey.After correcting of SfM data,elevation difference still exists,which may be associated with methods of generating DEM and SfM data accuracy,which in turn is controlled by the number and distribution of Ground Control Points (GCPs),photos density and camera shooting height,but also related to surface features,Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault     

中主应力对击实黄土强度和变形特性的影响

为研究中主应力对击实黄土强度和变形特性的影响,利用空心圆柱扭剪仪对击实黄土进行主应力轴方向为0°的定向剪切试验,重点探讨中主应力系数b对剪切过程中击实黄土强度和变形的影响。试验结果表明,在不同中主应力系数下试样的广义剪应力-应变曲线发展模式基本相同,其曲线差异不显著,剪切后期试样表现出显著的延性特性。中主应力对击实黄土的强度影响较大,b=0.25时归一化强度最大,而b=0.5时最小。当b从0到0.25时强度增加;当b=0.25时强度达到峰值,随着b的继续增加,强度迅速减小;当b=0.5时强度达到最小值,随着b的进一步增加,强度先增大后减小。随着中主应力系数b的增加,击实黄土的有效内摩擦角呈现增大的趋势,强度参数在b=0时最小,b=0.75时最大,b=1(三轴拉伸)高于b=0(三轴压缩)。     

2014年云南景谷6.6级地震前后活动能量场分析

本文将地震释放能量作为地震活动场的基本要素, 采用自然正交函数展开方法, 系统研究2014年景谷6.6级地震震中区域地震活动能量场的时空特征。 结果表明, 景谷6.6级地震前能量场的前4个主要特征值对应的典型能量场时间因子都出现明显上升变或下降异常, 空间等值线形成局部能量高值异常危险区, 可能是景谷 6.6级地震空间异常的中短期特征。 我们还进一步研究了景谷6.6级地震前后空间异常随时间的演变, 给出了异常发展变化模式, 最后应用研究地震资料的累积次数从物理角度解释异常形成的机制。     

高原寒冷地区温拌沥青混合料水稳性能分析

为探讨高原寒冷地区温拌沥青混合料的水稳定性及性能衰变规律,采用多次冻融循环室内试验模拟混合料所处环境温差大、冻融频繁、气温低等特性,选取Aspha-min、Sasobit、Evotherm等不同类型温拌剂拌制混合料,通过冻融劈裂试验、冻融飞散试验等,分析热拌与温拌沥青混合料的水稳性能及其衰变趋势,定量说明频繁的冻融循环对其性能的影响。结果表明：气候因素长期作用下,热拌沥青混合料的水稳性能优于温拌沥青混合料;随着冻融循环次数的增加,混合料的水稳性能均逐渐下降,15~18次冻融循环后,水稳性能趋于稳定,建议在高寒地区选取15次冻融循环作用次数作为沥青混合料水稳性能评价的试验条件;在选取的3种温拌沥青混合料中,Aspha-min温拌沥青混合料的水稳性能最差。