不同形状振荡浮子入水冲击的实验研究

振荡浮子在波浪能转换装置中应用非常广泛,在其服役期间,由于较小的设计吃水深度或为防避极端海况的需要,它们经常会离开水面;当其再次入水的时候,浮子底部就会受到入水冲击。入水冲击总是伴随着巨大的冲击压强以及冲击载荷,会导致浮子的结构性及疲劳性破坏,从而影响浮子的工作寿命。本文对锥形、半球形和横圆柱形三种形状的浮子入水冲击过程进行了实验研究,分析了浮子表面压强和冲击加速度的变化规律。主要结论如下:(1)在巨大的水阻力作用下,入水瞬间三种浮子表面压强急剧上升,迅速达到最高峰值;之后由于空气垫的作用,压强出现二次峰值现象。(2)在空气垫的作用下,三种浮子的最高压强峰值均未出现在浮子的最低点处,而是出现在外围某处。(3)三种浮子在触水瞬间的加速度均达到hm/s~2的量级,而后急剧下降,并在较短时间内达到一平衡值并沿其小幅震荡。(4)横圆柱形浮子由于其非垂直轴对称性,其表面压强和加速度的震荡更加明显。     

毛乌素沙地砒砂岩与沙复配农田的固沙效应及其微观机理

砒砂岩与沙复配成土及其工程化核心技术的提出与应用,为毛乌素沙地合理利用土地资源、科学推进生态建设提供了新的思路与技术支撑。前期研究对利用层面的技术问题给予了较多关注并取得显著进展,而在潜在风险层面特别是关于复配土壤的固沙效应及其微观机理的探索则相对薄弱。基于集沙仪、扫描电镜及激光粒度仪,结合野外定位试验和室内仪器观测,对毛乌素典型原状沙地及复配农田的输沙特征差异及其固沙微观机理进行探索。结果表明：（1）观测周期内,原状沙地输沙总量为4 951 g,远高于复配农田2 436 g的输沙总量,原状沙地更易受风蚀,而复配农田土壤起沙风速大、输沙量较小,具有明显的固沙效应;（2）扫描电镜图像显示,原状沙地土粒（沙粒）粗骨化、无粘结,而耕种两年的复配农田土壤中已出现团聚体;（3）激光粒度仪分析显示,原状沙地的粉、黏粒含量仅为2.74%,而复配农田这一比例增至15.12%;（4）复配土防风固沙效应的形成与粉粒和黏粒含量及土壤结构等紧密相关。鉴于复配农田输沙固沙能力的动态差异性和风力敏感性,进一步实施复配成土造田工程时,宜在复配农田主导风向的上风向区域及成片农田内适当布设具有防风功能的适生草类或灌木条带。     

河西走廊西端灌丛沙丘发育过程及其对沙漠化的指示意义

在风沙活动强烈的荒漠地区开展环境变化研究常缺乏符合要求的地质测年材料。灌丛沙丘是干旱区发育的一种特殊生物地貌类型,具有计年和储存环境信息的功能,可以用来重建沙丘的发育过程和过去的环境变化。以河西走廊西端花海盆地发育的灌丛沙丘沉积剖面为研究对象,基于AMS¹⁴C年代学及沉积物粒度、碳酸盐含量、地球化学元素等代用指标的分析,与文献记载、沙漠化监测数据和近几十年的器测气象资料对比分析,试图揭示区域灌丛沙丘的发育过程及其环境指示意义。结果表明：花海盆地灌丛沙丘的发育时间已超过800 年;20世纪60年代中后期至70年代早期人类活动的干扰曾使灌丛沙丘的堆积过程中断,但丰富的物源随后又促使灌丛沙丘再次快速发育。沙丘物源曾发生过剧烈的变化,使得灌丛沙丘沉积物中的粗颗粒组分和中值粒径并不适于作为环境代用指标重建区域的风沙环境变化,而细颗粒组分（<63 μm和<10 μm）和碳酸盐含量的变化,则揭示了研究区在20世纪70-80年代（沙丘高度300~420 cm）时获得了丰富的物质来源。灌丛沙丘沉积物中的Zr/Rb比值,能够作为良好的环境代用指标指示1970-1988年（沙丘高度300~420 cm）区域处在风沙活动较强烈的环境;近几十年花海盆地土地沙漠化明显,尤其是20世纪70年代和80年代。灌丛沙丘可以作为有较高可信度的地质记录载体,在河西走廊西端重建较长时间尺度的、高分辨率的区域气候环境演变历史。     

Spatial difference and mechanisms of influence of geo-economy in the border areas of China

Border areas are both important territorial security barriers and portals to the outside world. Considering the complicated geopolitical environment of China’s inland borders, analysis of the current status and mechanisms of influence of geo-economy in border areas is of great significance. Namely, this analysis is important towards leveraging traditional advantages to accelerate China’s development in border and minority areas. Based on a comprehensive analysis, our study constructed a framework to analyze the geo-economy in border areas, and also introduced three indexes: local economy, export-oriented economy and local development. In addition, our study systematically described geo-economic evolution in the border areas of China. We also analyzed the mechanism of geo-economic spatial differentiation in these border areas by using geographical detectors. Our results indicated that the level of geo-economic influence in border areas has grown steadily with significant spatial differentiation. The absolute geo-economic dominance of Northeast China gradually declines over time. Areas with geo-economic advantages are highly dispersed, showing a spatial polarization pattern with several polar nuclei including Mudanjiang city (Northeast China), Baotou city (Inner Mongolia), Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture (Xinjiang), Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture and the city of Chongzuo (Yunnan-Guangxi area). Geo-economics in border area is mainly influenced by national policies, the development level of neighboring countries, as well as the desire of these countries to cooperate with China in bilateral trade. Favorable policies, traffic, cultural proximity and other factors also impact the geo-economics of border areas significantly. The Inner Mongolia and Tibet areas are mainly influenced by neighboring countries, while Northeast China and Xinjiang are mainly affected by Chinese policies; the Yunnan-Guangxi area is influenced by a combination of these factors. At the end of the study, we provide our recommendations for developing policies that further geo-economic advantages in complex geopolitical environments and in areas with varied development.     

The Fractal Characteristics of Drainage Networks and Erosion Evolution Stages of Ten Kongduis in the Upper Reaches of the Yellow River,China

The fractal characteristics of drainage in the ten kongduis of the upper Yellow River were obtained using the box counting dimension, and the evolution stages of the watershed topography were defined by different ranges of the fractal dimensions of river networks (Dg). The results show that the fractal scaleless range of the Maobula River is 20–370 m based on a combination of artificial judgment, correlation coefficient test and fitting error. Other kongduis show good fractal characteristics in this fractal scaleless range as well. The box counting dimension can be used as a quantitative index of watershed topography fractal characteristics. The fractal dimension of stream networks is independent of the threshold contributing area used for extracting the drainage networks from the DEM. The values of Dg in the upper ten kongduis are in the range of 1.08?1.14. Both the runoff yield and the sediment yield are positively and linearly related with Dg. The positive relation between the sediment yield and Dg reflects the effect of landform features on sediment yield in the young and/or mature stages of landform evolution of the study area. By revising the critical value of Dg, the value of Dg of the basin in the young evolution stage is less than 1.06, while it is more than 1.06 for the basin in mature or old evolution stage. The upper ten kongduis are in the mature stage of landform evolution.     

A numerical simulation of impact of groundwater seepage on temperature distribution in karst collapse pillar

This paper presents an investigation of the impacts of groundwater seepage on temperature distribution in the karst collapse pillar (KCP). A thermal mathematic model with groundwater seepage was proposed, and a numerical model was established to describe the impacts of groundwater seepage on the temperature distribution in the KCP. The results show that the groundwater seepage velocity improved with the increasing permeability of porous medium in the KCP. The increasing seepage velocity improves thermal convection and then improves thermal conduction in the porous medium. As a result, the heat in the deep Ordovician limestone groundwater gradually diffuses. The seepage velocity occurred differently in different locations of KCP, and the heat exchange was also different, resulting in temperature differences for different locations. This temperature divergence in the surrounding rocks can reach 5~9°C at distances less than 50 m to the KCP. These findings can be used to protect the mine from water inrush by monitoring temperature changes in the surrounding rocks of KCP.     

湖南凤凰地区地质构造与汞铅锌矿成矿关系研究

汞铅锌矿是湖南凤凰地区的优势矿种。介绍了该区汞铅锌矿的地质特征及类型,结合实际地质资料,综合分析了该区构造控矿因素,初步提出了该区汞铅锌矿的构造控矿规律: 区内汞铅锌矿床成因类型主要有层控叠加(沉积改造)型矿床和断层破碎带低温热液充填型脉状矿床; 导矿构造为NNE向和NE向区域性大断裂——保靖—铜仁断裂; 控矿构造为NNE向和NE向背斜核部及两翼,以及背斜与向斜转折部位; 容矿构造为NW向小断裂、容矿层中节理裂隙、层间裂隙及破碎带。     

基于逆重复m序列信号的岩矿石电性参数采集方法研究

归纳总结了岩矿石电性参数实验过程中激励场源性质与实验装置类型,提出基于伪随机逆重复m序列信号为激励场源的实验方案,进而设计了新的观测装置.发送机产生的伪随机信号序列采用恒流源形式输出,频带宽度为1.0×10-3～1.0×104 Hz;接收机采用FGPA+ARM架构进行数据记录,在对比变频法、2n 伪随机序列与逆重复m序...     

适应气候变化研究中的常见术语辨析

适应气候变化在国际公约谈判及国内适应实践中成为重要的关注内容,明晰适应相关的术语含义具有科学参考价值和实践指导意义。本文通过比较适应相关术语认为,适应是行为方式或对策措施的界定,可不需量化数据支持;适应能力需有明确评价指标体系,并最终产生量化性评价结果;适应性更偏重于能力属性,其基本结论是有或无、强或弱的判断,在适应性有量化结论支持或明确强弱确定时则等同于适应能力。脆弱性评价中,暴露度体现主体对象与气候变化相关的基本处境概况,敏感性表明气候变化对主体对象的影响,适应能力则是经济资本、自然资源、技术水平、社会保障四大要素的综合评价,各要素涵盖的具体指标需要酌情依据适应主体属性予以判别和遴选。适应气候变化与灾害风险管理在主体范畴、驱动因子、行动目的上有所区别,但两者共同关注提高对气候变化/气候灾害风险的抵御、承受、恢复能力,以降低不利影响,实现可持续发展为共同目标。     

施工控制与碎部测量同步实施方案及其应用

GNSS技术已经广泛应用于工程测绘。对于线形工程,其特点是工程区域长宽比大、线路长而工作面窄,利用GNNS技术常规方案进行测绘,外业时效低而成本高。本文提出了一种施工控制与碎部测量同步实施方案,在充分利用人力、物力的基础上节省时间,对有序安排作业、保证数据质量、提高工程效率和经济效益具有积极意义。该方案在宁夏昌、滂渠测绘工程中得到应用,提高外业时效达22%,节约了外业成本。