图形坐标转换方法与实现

图形坐标转换是CAD和GIS开发与应用的基本问题,涉及基础地理数据标准的统一、共享程度的提高和服务面的拓宽等重要问题,是地图制图输出、基础地理信息系统和专业信息系统建设中的重要功能。本文以CAD和GIS的图形坐标转换与配准为例,介绍了相关的数学模型和实现方法。     

北京城市热岛的时空变化分析

利用1987、1999、2000、2001、2002和2005年六幅陆地卫星影像研究北京市规划区地表城市热岛（SUHI）．首先用决策树分类法进行分类,得到六幅不同时相的土地利用／覆盖分类图像．根据Artis＆Carnahan算法利用热红外通道的灰度值计算地表辐射亮温,基于分类结果进行比辐射率纠正,计算地表温度．通过分析北京市规划区1987～2005年间地表城市热岛的特征,发现不同土地利用／土地覆盖类型与地表城市热岛有密切关系;2001年、2002年和2005年影像中市区的热岛分布的破碎度增加,由原来的集中分布慢慢向周围扩散,并在市区中心植被覆盖高的区域出现蓝色“凉爽”区;地表城市热岛增加的区域与城市扩展区域一致,城市化过程是城市热岛面积不断增加的主要的原因．     

喀斯特山区石漠化成因的差异性定量研究——以贵州省盘县典型石漠化地区为例

珠东区的轻中度石漠化主要由人为因素引起,强度以上石漠化则由人为因素和恶劣的自然条件共同造成;保基区的轻中度石漠化主要是人为因素引起,强度以上石漠化则由自然因素造成;红果区的自然条件好于其它两个研究区,石漠化尤其是强度石漠化主要是土地利用强度大造成的,坡耕地发生中度甚至极强度石漠化。喀斯特石漠化土地的成因类型与恢复治理模式密切相关,在确定石漠化土地的治理恢复模式和治理重点时,有必要考虑石漠化土地的土地利用成因和成因的地域差异性。     

吉林省玉米产业发展可持续能力评价研究

基于地理信息系统(GIS)及空间分析模型,从玉米生产与加工两个方面构建玉米产业可持续能力评价(sustainabliality Assessment SA)指标体系,对吉林省玉米产业发展可持续能力进行评价,并对吉林省玉米产业布局现状和规划的合理性进行分析。结果表明:长春市辖区由于地理条件优越、交通便捷以及丰富的玉米资源,是玉米产业发展的最优区域。吉林市辖区、四平市辖区、公主岭市、梨树县、农安县、扶余县地理条件相对优越、交通便捷以及丰富的玉米资源,是玉米产业发展的良好区域。松原市辖区、前郭县、德惠市、榆树市、辽源市辖区、东丰县是玉米产业发展的一般区域。大安市、乾安县、长岭县、舒兰市、永吉县、双辽市发展玉米产业条件相对较差。     

伊-陕斜坡山2段包裹体古流体势恢复及天然气聚集条件

恢复自烃类生成以来的各个地史时期的古流体势, 有助于正确认识油气藏的分布规律.通过对鄂尔多斯盆地伊-陕斜坡太原组—山西组砂岩储层流体包裹体样品的系统分析, 将其油气充注划分为6个期次; 结合埋藏史分析, 确定出6期油气充注发生的时间.在此基础上, 运用流体包裹体pVT热动力学模拟的方法, 获得了6期油气充注的古压力数据, 并计算出伊-陕斜坡山2段6期次天然气充注的古气势, 分析了古气势分布及时空演化规律, 认为区域构造和热史演化是其主要控制因素.结合区域地质资料, 探讨了天然气运移与聚集规律: 晚三叠世中期至中侏罗世末期, 山2段储层气势西南高而北部、东北部低, 天然气主要从西南向北、东北向运移; 中侏罗世末期至早白垩世末期, 气势西高东低, 天然气主要由西向东就近运移, 再向北和东北向运移; 早白垩世末至现今, 天然气藏进入聚集与散失的动平衡状态, 形成现今分布特征.榆林及其南部地区是天然气聚集的最有利地带, 其次为神木-米脂地区.      

不同气候背景下南疆暖季暴雨特征和差异

利用1961—2020年5—9月(暖季)南疆44个国家气象站逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR(National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research)再分析资料,分析不同年代际和气候背景(暖干期和暖湿期)下南疆暖季暴雨的时空变化特征及大尺度环流异常特征。结果表明：1961年以来南疆暖季累计暴雨日数、暴雨站次和暴雨雨量均呈增加趋势,暴雨强度和暴雨雨量占总降水量比例的变化趋势不明显。南疆暖季累计暴雨日数、暴雨站次和暴雨雨量在暖湿期明显多于暖干期,暴雨强度和暴雨雨量占总降水量的比例在暖干期及暖湿期的差异不大。进入暖湿期后,南疆大部分站点的暴雨日数和暴雨雨量都有所增加,且西南部站点增加最明显,但山区的增加幅度小于平原。中亚低槽、中亚低涡和塔里木东风低空急流是造成南疆暖季暴雨的主要影响系统,南疆暖季暴雨在暖干期以低涡型为主,暖湿期以低槽型为主;850 hPa偏东气流在低涡型暴雨中比低槽型暴雨西伸更加明显,在暖湿期与暖干期环流差值场中,低槽型暴雨和低涡型暴雨中高纬地区的环流异常呈现...     

Impacts of Aerosol-Radiation Interactions on the Wintertime Particulate Pollution under Different Synoptic Patterns in the Guanzhong Basin,China

The effects of aerosol–radiation interactions(ARI) are not only important for regional and global climate, but they can also drive particulate matter(PM) pollution. In this study, the ARI contribution to the near-surface fine PM(PM2.5)concentrations in the Guanzhong Basin(GZB) is evaluated under four unfavorable synoptic patterns, including "northlow", "transition", "southeast-trough", and "inland-high", based on WRF-Chem model simulations of a persistent heavy PM pollution episode in January 2019. Simulations show that ARI consistently decreases both solar radiation reaching down to the surface(SWDOWN) and surface temperature(TSFC), which then reduces wind speed, induces sinking motion,and influences cloud formation in the GZB. However, large differences under the four synoptic patterns still exist. The average reductions of SWDOWN and daytime TSFC in the GZB range from 15.2% and 1.04°C in the case of the"transition" pattern to 26.7% and 1.69°C in the case of the "north-low" pattern, respectively. Furthermore, ARI suppresses the development of the planetary boundary layer(PBL), with the decrease of PBL height(PBLH) varying from 18.7% in the case of the "transition" pattern to 32.0% in the case of the "north-low" pattern. The increase of daytime near-surface PM2.5 in the GZB due to ARI is 12.0%, 8.1%, 9.5%, and 9.7% under the four synoptic patterns, respectively. Ensemble analyses also reveal that when near-surface PM2.5 concentrations are low, ARI tends to lower PM2.5 concentrations with decreased PBLH, which is caused by enhanced divergence or a transition from divergence to convergence in an area. ARI contributes 15%–25% toward the near-surface PM2.5 concentrations during the severe PM pollution period under the four synoptic patterns.     

A multiscale finite element formulation for axisymmetric elastoplasticity with volumetric locking

Similar to plane strain, axisymmetric stress problem is also highly kinematics constrained. Standard displacement‐based finite element exhibits volumetric locking issue in simulating nearly/fully incompressible material or isochoric plasticity under axisymmetric loading conditions, which severely underestimates the deformation and overestimates the bearing capacity for structural/geotechnical engineering problems. The aim of this paper is to apply variational multiscale method to produce a stabilized mixed displacement–pressure formulation, which can effectively alleviate the volumetric locking issue for axisymmetric stress problem. Both nearly incompressible elasticity and isochoric J₂ elastoplasticity are investigated. First‐order 3‐node triangular and 4‐node quadrilateral elements are tested for locking issues. Several representative simulations are provided to demonstrate the performance of the linear elements, which include the convergence study and comparison with closed‐form solutions. A comparative study with pressure Laplacian stabilized formulation is also presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic analysis of a cylindrical casing–cement structure in a poroelastic stratum

The transient response of a cylindrical casing–cement structure in a poroelastic stratum under dynamic radial tractions is one of the significant issues during the analysis of downhole operations and the selection of safe material. Based on the Biot theory and general elastic mechanics, this paper gives a set of exact solutions for radial displacement, stresses for the casing–cement system and the pore pressure of the infinite surrounding poroelastic stratum in the Laplace transform space. Solutions are presented for three different types of transient radial loadings acting on the surface of casing, i.e., suddenly applied constant load, gradually applied step load and triangular pulse load. Time domain solutions are obtained using a reliable numerical method of inverse Laplace transforms. A detailed parametric study about the transient response is presented both at the casing–cement interface and the cement–stratum interface, and the distributions of the pore pressure and the effective stresses in the stratum are also examined. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evolution and REE geochemistry of Huangsha-Tieshanlong ore-bearing granite

Our studies show that the granite bodies (γ ₅ ^{2 − 1} and γ ₅ ³ ) which constitute the Huangsha-Tieshanlong composite granitic intrusion in Jiangxi are characterized by their similarities in mineral assemblage, petrochemistry, trace element and REE distribution pattern. The values of ΣREE, ΣLREE, ΣHREE, ΣCe/ΣY, δEu and La/Yb apparently decrease from γ ₅ ^{2 − 1a} to γ ₅ ^{2 − 1b} , γ ₅ ³ and γ ₅ ³ . It is shown that the early Yenshanian W(Ta, Nb)-bearing granite (γ ₅ ^{2 − 1} ) and late Yenshanian Ta, Nb-bearing granite (γ ₅ ³ ) may have been derived from the differentiation and evolution of granitic magmas due to repeated remelting of the crust and their earlier and later intrusion. Although the earlier (γ ₅ ^{2 − 1b} and later (γ ₅ ³ ) albitized Ta, Nb-bearing granites show some obvious differences in REE content, their δEu values and La/Yb ratios are similar to each other. Therefore, it may be concluded that the early and late Ta, Nb-bearing granites were derived from a congenetic magma.