Simulated Sensitivity of Ozone Generation to Precursors in Beijing during a High O3 Episode

This study uses the WRF-Chem model combined with the empirical kinetic modeling method (EKMA curve) to study the compound pollution event in Beijing that happened in 13-23 May 2017. Sensitivity tests are conducted to analyze ozone sensitivity to its precursors, and to develop emission reduction measures. The results suggest that the model can accurately simulate the compound pollution process of photochemistry and haze. When VOCs and NOx were reduced by the same proportion, the effect of O3 reduction at peak time was more obvious, and the effect during daytime was more significant than at night. The degree of change in ozone was peak time > daytime average. When reducing or increasing the ratio of precursors by 25％ at the same time, the effect of reducing 25％ VOCs on the average ozone concentration reduction was most significant. The degree of change in ozone decreased with increasing altitude, the location of the ozone maximum change shifted westward, and its range narrowed. As the altitude increases, the VOCs-limited zone decreases, VOCs sensitivity decreases, NOx sensitivity increases. The controlled area changed from near-surface VOCs-limited to high-altitude NOx-limited. Upon examining the EKMA curve, we have found that suburban and urban are sensitive to VOCs. The sensitivity tests indicate that when VOCs in suburban are reduced about 60％, the O3-1h concentration could reach the standard, and when VOCs of the urban decreased by about 50％, the O3-1h concentration could reach the standard. Thus, these findings could provide references for the control of compound air pollution in Beijing.     

低品位氧化铅矿硫化浮选的影响因素研究

随着硫化铅矿资源的不断消耗,难处理氧化铅矿石己成为生产铅的重要来源.本文对产自缅甸的低品位氧化铅矿(Pb1.78％,氧化率为76.97％,铅矿物主要为白铅矿,少量铅矾和方铅矿)采用硫化-黄药浮选法,分析了硫化剂、捕收剂及抑制剂对氧化铅矿的作用机理,研究了磨矿细度、浮选药剂制度及流程等因素对浮选指标的影响.结果表明,采用1次粗选2次扫选和3次精选闭路流程,以硫化钠为硫化剂,水玻璃、六偏磷酸钠和羧甲基纤维素(CMC)为抑制剂,丁基黄药和羟肟酸为组合捕收剂,最终获得含Pb品位56.73％,Pb回收率82.83％的铅精矿.     

ANALYTICAL MODEL OF PROGRESSIVE SLOPE FAILURE IN WASTE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS

The potential for progressive failure in waste containment systems is an important design consideration. Many common interfaces between components in containment systems exhibit strain-softening behaviour; however, slopes are presently designed using limit equilibrium methods that do not account for these effects. An analytical model is developed to investigate the potential for progressive failure due to strain softening. Results are presented in a non-dimensional form relating the potential for strain softening to the slope geometry, the waste properties and the properties of the containment system interface. The potential for progressive failure increases as (i) the waste stiffness decreases relative to the initial stiffness of the interface resistance, (ii) the length of the slip surface increases and (iii) the rate of strain softening with displacement increases. Analysis of a case study slope failure indicates that the analytical approach produces results that are consistent with field observations and comparable to results from a more sophisticated, numerical analysis. Although simple, this analytical approach serves as a useful design guide to identify cases where it is unsafe to use the peak shear strength in a limit equilibrium analysis.     

基于旋转预处理的地图有向点符号识别方法

试从寻找符号旋转时有规律的变化量入手,提出了一种先进行旋转预处理,再提取图像的外接矩形面积、密集度以及近圆度作为特征参数的识别方法,为有向点符号的自动识别提供了一种可行的方案.     

钙质砂剪切特性的围压效应和粒径效应研究

为研究钙质砂剪切特性的围压效应和粒径效应,开展了在不同粒径、不同相对密实度以及不同围压条件下的三轴剪切试验,并引入应力相对软化系数和剪胀系数对应变软化特征及剪胀特征进行了定量表征。试验研究表明,随围压的增大,不同粒径钙质砂试样应变软化特征及剪胀特征逐渐减弱,且围压与应力相对软化系数和剪胀系数均呈半对数线性相关。不同粒径钙质砂试样存在一强度临界围压和体变临界围压分别使得应变软化特征和剪胀特征消失。在粒径为5～0.075 mm范围内,对松样而言,围压对软化特征和剪胀特征存在显著影响,但与粒径不存在显著相关性;对密样而言,随粒径逐渐减小,围压对试样软化特征的影响逐渐增强,而对试样剪胀特征的影响逐渐减弱。在低围压（50 kPa）条件下,0.5～0.25 mm粒径组试样破碎最显著。     

TM与SAR图像融合多方法研究及其效果定量评价

本文针对TM多光谱与SAR高分辨率的特征,研究了彩色技术、数学运算和图像变换三类共11种融合算法,并基于ERDAS-SpatialModeler、ENVI-IDL和MATHLAB等技术分别实现这些算法。从信息量、清晰度和逼真度共四项指标出发,定量评价了各个方法融合方法的侧重点。利用极差变换法处理指标,建立综合评价模型,得出单方法RGB(0.75)法相对最优、Brovey(0.10)法最劣以及三类方法彩色技术(2.59)最优;图像变换(2.25)次之;算术运算(0.82)最不可取的结论。     

面向DEM地形复杂度分析的分形方法研究

在基于栅格DEM数据的基础上,应用分形几何学方法,采用元分维模型理论,提出一种描述DEM地形复杂度的分形分析方法,并得出分析指标———地形分维指数(TFI)。实验证明,该指标可以有效描述栅格DEM数据反映的地形变化特征,分析窗口由小到大的规律性变化反映出地貌从微观到宏观的变化情况,因此其既可以作为对栅格DEM所描述地形进行评价的坡面因子,又可以作为基于DEM的地貌类型区自动划分的参照依据。     

区域水污染控制系统规划辅助模型研究

在对区域水污染控制系统CAP模型进行需求分析的基础上,采用UML技术进行CAP模型的结构设计,提出了采用Geodatabase作为CAP模型的开发模式。以佛山市水污染控制系统规划为例,介绍了采用CAP模型进行辅助规划的具体步骤。实践证明,采用CAP模型辅助区域水污染控制系统规划,可以提高规划效率及数据完整性,是其便捷的CAP解决方案。     

基于最大主曲率的煤储层渗透性预测方法

阐述了最大主曲率法用于煤层气藏储层裂缝渗透率预测的原理,运用三维地震沿层最大主曲率属性对构造裂缝进行了预测。通过分析裂缝间距、构造最大主曲率值、岩层厚度及渗透率之间的相关关系,建立了基于最大主曲率的煤储层渗透率计算模型,该模型对某区煤层气渗透率预测的结果与测井和实验室岩心分析结果吻合较好,表明基于最大主曲率的煤储层渗透率预测方法在煤层气藏裂缝渗透率预测中的可行性和合理性。     

青藏高原东侧一次典型暴雨过程的数值模拟试验

利用常规观测资料以及小时观测降水量资料, 对2014年8月31日—9月2日重庆地区一次大暴雨过程进行分析,在此基础上采用中尺度数值模式WRF及其三维变分同化系统WRF 3D-Var将常规探空观测资料同化进NECP/NCAR再分析资料产生初始场,对比分析同化与未同化常规探空资料的模式模拟的降水量分布特征及同化探空观测资料对模式模拟的中尺度系统结构特征的影响。结果表明,此次暴雨的发生是在对流层高层200 hPa南亚高压与高空急流造成的高层辐散、500 hPa大槽靠近以及副热带高压西移这种有利的大尺度环流背景下,对流层低层的西南低涡、切变线、低空急流在重庆地区发生发展的结果。对比分析模式的模拟结果,两次模拟都较好地再现了此次暴雨过程的大尺度环流特征,同化探空观测资料后模拟的降水落区分布及量级得到改善,对暴雨以上量级的降水改进尤为明显。模式初始时刻分析场的增量表明,与此次暴雨过程的形成发展密切相关的大尺度系统(南亚高压、副热带高压)、中尺度系统(低涡、急流)以及水汽输送在初始场同化常规探空资料后均得到了增强,这为对流系统的发展维持提供了更加有利的条件。降水最强时刻强降水区域的垂直结构分析显示,在同化探空观测资料后,模式模拟的散度、涡度、垂直速度以及大气热力结构的强度和高度较未同化探空资料的结果都得到了不同程度的增强,这表明同化探空观测资料改进了模式初始场的分布特征,进而对模式模拟的中尺度对流系统的结构产生重要影响。