面状矢量空间数据匹配技术研究

数据匹配技术是空间数据集成与融合中的关键技术。对面积相似度进行了描述,对面积相似度进行了几何度量上的定义,提出了基于面积相似度的数据匹配思路。最后,以面状目标为研究对象,以城市居民地的大比例尺数据为例,对基于面积相似度的面状要素数据匹配算法进行了试验与分析。     

基于MapObjects的城市银行网点管理系统

本文以武汉市为例,详细介绍了基于GIS的银行网点管理系统的设计与实现。该系统采用GIS技术可将银行网点竺妻尊妻源有机地联系起来,以电子地图的形式直观地显示,实现了数据管理、空间查询、统计分析、缓冲区分析、专题图制作等功能,为银行网点管理提供有效、科学的辅助决策支持。     

明代洛河流域洪涝灾害序列分形结构研究

通过对历史文献资料的整理和统计分析,对明代1368—1644年的277年间洛河流域的洪涝灾害进行了研究。研究得出,洛河流域在这一时段内共发生了56次洪涝灾害,平均约4.95年出现1次;其中特大涝灾3次,大涝灾12次,中度涝灾16次,轻度涝灾25次。洛河流域明代洪涝灾害可分为4个大的阶段,其中1368—1429年和1490—1539年两个阶段是洪涝灾害少发阶段,1430—1489年和1540—1644年两个阶段是洪涝灾害多发阶段。洪涝灾害的自相似特征揭示了灾害的分形性质。研究发现,明代洛河流域的各级洪涝灾害的分堆值都低于0.2,且无标度区相同,这表明了此时段洪涝灾害的长周期分量较强,且存在灾害的集中性。     

Evidence of hyperpycnal flows at the head of the meandering Kaoping Canyon off SW Taiwan

Using seismic and Chirp sonar profiles, this paper tests the hypothesis that hyperpycnal flows are the main factor controlling the formation and maintenance of the meandering Kaoping submarine canyon off SW Taiwan. Cross-section geometries, and erosional as well as depositional features vary along the canyon course. In the proximal, sinuous part of the canyon, down-cutting into the shelf strata has created a relief of 340 m. The cause of this intense erosion of the seafloor is suggested to be the frequent development of hyperpycnal flows. A seismic section across a meander in the distal part of the canyon shows levees formed by overspilled sediments at the outer bend, and a terrace characterized by relatively flat stratified facies at the inner bend. The geological setting and climatic conditions in SW Taiwan (e.g. earthquakes, typhoons, floods), as well as major river–canyon connections (for example, direct input of highly concentrated suspended sediment) would all promote hyperpycnal flow generation. This causes axial incision, canyon wall slumping, and the formation of levees by spill-over deposition in the upper reach of the Kaoping Canyon.     

Sediment resuspension events induced by the wake wash of deep-draft vessels

Hydrodynamics and sediment resuspension events, induced at the shoreline by a deep-draft vessel passing nearby, are described. Measurements (pressure, currents and turbidity) were obtained at 4 Hz, on a lower beach ~50 m from a channel where large car ferries operate in Wootton Creek, Isle of Wight. The study focuses on a representative 8-min 32-s-long record, during which two large vessels passed the channel section. At the shore, the passage of each vessel induced a long-period water-level drawdown, followed by a water-level oscillation (seiche) of similar period, and the short-period waves of the wake. Both drawdowns were the main constituents of the prevailing wave pattern. The second drawdown was the largest in amplitude, in response to a higher speed of the ferry, and the influence of the seiche which had been activated during the preceding event. Two successive peaks of turbidity were observed shortly after this drawdown. Analyses of current velocity and direction indicate that the sediments resuspended originated from the shallower upper beach. Anthropogenically induced erosion of the foreshore is predicted at Wootton Creek.     

Evidence for the 8,200 a <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">b</Emphasis>.<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">p</Emphasis>. cooling event in the middle Okinawa Trough

Based on new and existing data on oxygen isotopes, alkenone-surface seawater temperature trends, planktonic foraminifers, lithology, and clay mineral composition of piston cores, a distinct cooling event has been identified around 8,200 cal a b.p. in the middle Okinawa Trough, northwest Pacific. This corresponds to the 8,200 a b.p. cooling event recorded in many places of the Northern Hemisphere. During this event, the local temperature decreased by 1°C, and the δ¹⁸O value increased by 0.6‰. A strengthened Asian winter monsoon is the most probable cause for this event, which thus adds further credibility to the contention that we are dealing here with a global phenomenon.     

海南岛近海海域7个沉积岩芯的现代沉积速率及其分布特征

利用多道α能谱仪,对2005年8～9月在海南岛近海采集的7个沉积岩芯进行了210Pb的沉积速率测定,探讨了海南岛近海陆架上现代沉积速率的区域性分布特征,结果表明:位于港湾内的B1168站位由于沉积物供应充足,有最高的沉积速率,达2.9 cm/a;位于河口海湾附近且受沿岸流影响的B289站位,有很高的沉积速率,可达1.6 cm/a,沉积环境较稳定;位于西南海底沙脊区北缘且靠近昌化江河口的B97、B135、B10站位也有较高沉积速率,分别达到1.0、0.89和0.47 cm/a,在表层都出现了210Pb放射性活度倒置的现象,表明所处区域有较强混合作用;处于西南外陆架的C4站位受北部湾环流影响,沉积速率为0.6 cm/a;位于东部外陆架的B377站位处于上升流区,沉积速率较低,为0.21 cm/a.可见,海南岛近海陆架上的现代沉积速率存在着明显的区域分布:在物质来源丰富的沿岸流作用区和河口区附近,现代沉积速率很高;在陆架环流沉积作用区,现代沉积速率也较高;在水深较大的外陆架上,由于沉积物供应相对匮乏,沉积速率一般较低;在近岸潮流沙脊区,由于水动力很强,无法形成现代细粒沉积.同时,在陆架上,沉积速率有随着水深的增加而降低的趋势.由此可见,海南岛近海海域的沉积速率与该区的物质供应、水动力条件和海底地形等因素有密切关系.     

大型底栖动物污染指数在乐清湾潮间带环境质量评价中的应用

采用大型底栖动物污染指数对乐清湾生态监控区2004~2006年潮间带环境质量的现状和变化趋势进行了分析,结果表明:2004~2006年监控区潮间带环境质量基本稳定,6个潮间带断面所在海区环境质量由好到差依次为浦歧、清江口、百亩礁、龙湾、西门岛和黄华海区,各海区高、中、低3个潮带的环境质量有一定的变化趋势,中、低潮带的环境质量明显好于高潮带。与潮间带邻近海域的水质状况进行的比较表明,MPI法的潮间带环境质量评价不如化学指标法灵敏,且评价结果存在滞后性。虽然MPI法是纯粹的数值计算法,不能准确反映群落内关键生态信息,在使用过程中有时还需借助生物、生态知识进行结果的修正,但是这种将图形数字化的生态评价方法降低了对评价人员专业要求的门槛,适应数字化平台的数据管理,因而较其它方法具有计算简便、易于掌握的优势。     

南沙群岛西部海域两柱状沉积物中碳和氮的分布和来源特征及埋藏通量估算

对位于南沙群岛海域西部近大陆架-残留沉积区(NS01站)和深海沉积区(NS02站)的2个沉积物柱状样进行了研究,测定了它们的粒度组成、CaCO3含量、总有机碳含量(TOC)、总碳含量(TC)、总有机物含量(TOM)和总氮含量(TN),估算了它们的埋藏通量及陆/海源TOC和TN的相对含量.结果表明,该海域沉积物主要是粒径小于63μm的细粒度组分,粒度组成随深度的变化很小.沉积物粒度不是控制CaCO3含量、TOC、TC、TOM、TN和TOC/TN垂向变化的主要因素.NS01站CaCO3含量、TOC、TC、TOM和TN的含量及埋藏通量均低于NS02站.NS01站TOC/TN随深度的变化主要受控于TN的变化,而NS02站则主要受控于TOC的变化.2个研究站位的TOC和TN均以海洋自生为主,NS01站沉积物中海洋自生TOC和TN的平均值分别为53.2%和81.4%,NS02站沉积物中海洋自生TOC和TN的平均值分别为64.5%和87.7%.