塔里木河干流土地利用/覆盖变化的社会经济驱动力分析

土地利用/覆盖变化的驱动力分析是土地利用/覆盖研究的一个主要核心内容。利用相关分析和主成分分析,探讨土地利用变化的社会经济驱动力。在驱动力分析的基础上,建立人口因素与土地利用程度的分异模型,并通过干扰度指数的计算,分析人类活动对不同景观类型的干扰强度。研究结果表明：研究区土地利用变化的主要社会经济驱动力为：人口因素、经济因素、技术因素和区域社会经济发展程度等。人类活动对建设用地的干扰强度最大,其次是林地、耕地和水域,而对于其他景观类型的干扰度则不甚明显。人口密度与土地利用程度的分异模型适用于分析现阶段人口密度与土地利用程度之间的关系,而且还可以通过预测未来人口变化状况进行土地利用程度的预测。     

黑河流量对祁连山气候年代际变化的响应

利用祁连山区8个气象站自建站至2003年观测的月降水、气温资料, 在分析各站气候要素互相关的基础上, 建立了代表祁连山整体气候变化的1944-2003年历年各月、季降水距平百分率和气温距平序列, 以及黑河上游莺落峡水文站观测的径流量, 分析了黑河流量与祁连山区降水、气温的年代际变化。结果表明: 祁连山气候演变存在非常明显的年际和年代际变化。自1970年代以来, 除夏季降水量呈上升趋势外, 秋、冬、春三季均表现出明显的变干, 尤其是秋、冬两季。本世纪初降水量又有增加趋势。比较过去60a气温变化, 1940年代最暖, 1960年代最冷。自1980年代以来, 祁连山区气候明显变暖, 各季气温显著升高, 尤以冬季升温最快, 目前已超过1940年代的暖期。1980年代的流量是过去60a中最大的10a, 1990年代有所减小。1990年代后期流量明显增加, 目前除春季外, 夏、秋、冬季已转入上升趋势。     

Automatic mapping of lunar landforms using DEM-derived geomorphometric parameters

Developing approaches to automate the analysis of the massive amounts of data sent back from the Moon will generate significant benefits for the field of lunar geomorphology. In this paper, we outline an automated method for mapping lunar landforms that is based on digital terrain analysis. An iterative self-organizing (ISO) cluster unsupervised classification enables the automatic mapping of landforms via a series of input raster bands that utilize six geomorphometric parameters. These parameters divide landforms into a number of spatially extended, topographically homogeneous segments that exhibit similar terrain attributes and neighborhood properties. To illustrate the applicability of our approach, we apply it to three representative test sites on the Moon, automatically presenting our results as a thematic landform map. We also quantitatively evaluated this approach using a series of confusion matrices, achieving overall accuracies as high as 83.34% and Kappa coefficients (K) as high as 0.77. An immediate version of our algorithm can also be applied for automatically mapping large-scale lunar landforms and for the quantitative comparison of lunar surface morphologies.     

高分辨率遥感影像在岩墙地质体信息提取中的应用

高分辨率遥感影像可明显表现地物的几何结构和纹理特征,从而使得在较小空间尺度上观察地物细节变化、进行大比例尺遥感制图成为可能。利用高分辨率QuickBird遥感影像,对新疆巴楚县麻扎尔塔格山地区的岩墙进行计算机辅助地质解译,共获得1227条岩墙。结合GIS空间分析方法获得了解译岩墙长度、走向分布等特征。结果表明:该地区76%的解译岩墙走向为NNW(135°~180°);QuickBird能够满足1∶2.5万地质调查的要求;通过地质分析综合解译结果获得了麻扎尔塔格岩体内部存在发育岩墙、岩墙形成应晚于内部的正长岩体的新认识。探讨并验证了高分辨率遥感影像在中小规模地质体解译中的可行性和有效性。     

清代东北地区土地开发及其动因分析

论述了清代东北地区土地开发过程、特点和趋动因子。指出封禁时期土地开发主要集中于辽河流域及辽西地区,吉、黑两地只有零星开发,总的呈现一派大荒景象。开禁后,先后在奉天、吉林、黑龙江进行了大面积的放垦。大规模的移民和高速度的土地开发世所少见。最后分析了影响东北地区土地开发的主要趋动因子,指出巨大的人口压力、连年的大灾荒以及清朝政府的土地开发政策是造成清代晚期东北地区大规模移民和高速度土地开发的重要原因。     

湖泊最低生态水位计算方法研究

对湖泊最低生态水位计算的年保证率法、湖泊形态分析法、天然水位资料法、功能法、曲线相关法和最低年平均水位法6种计算方法进行了论述,并选用其中的3种方法应用于博斯腾湖,计算结果表明,不同计算方法得到的结果并不相同,据此对不同计算方法的适用范围和优缺点进行了比较分析。     

国家地缘脆弱性探索——缅甸案例及对中国地缘战略启示

当今国际地缘政治经济格局正处于剧烈变动中,并对缅甸地缘环境的复杂性及地缘脆弱性产生深刻影响。缅甸所在的大湄公河次区域日益成为世界重要地缘政治力量博弈前沿和焦点。系统研究缅甸国家地缘脆弱性,对于中国西部大开发、“一带一路”及周边地缘环境建设具有重要战略意义。本文基于地缘政治及人地关系地域系统等学科理论,规范分析与实证分析相结合,从暴露性、敏感性和适应性等方面构建了国家地缘脆弱性研究框架,系统探索了缅甸典型的国家地缘脆弱性特征。资源环境禀赋、内部地域结构等引致的经济政治体系、社会文化传承等方面是缅甸脆弱性的本底特征,而缅甸与中国的地缘关系及决策则从根本上影响其地缘战略位态。缅甸地缘政治脆弱性及其与中国的相互依赖使之成为西方“U型封堵大陆战略”的薄弱点和今后角逐的着力点,也是中国解围破局重要的地缘战略出口。近期中国应通过“一带一路”孟中印缅经济走廊建设,大力加强中缅之间政治、经济、文化等各方面友好关系。     

库姆塔格沙漠风沙地貌遗产的旅游开发

对库姆塔格沙漠风沙地貌遗产进行旅游开发,既有利于“大敦煌”地区人-地关系的和谐演进,又有利于全面推进“大敦煌”地区旅游业的可持续发展。应用观察法、描述法、系统调查分析法等定性研究方法,在阐述库姆塔格沙漠风沙地貌遗产旅游开发意义的基础上,建设性地提出将库姆塔格沙漠风沙地貌遗产开发为旅游产品、旅游商品和旅游节事的途径、方式和方法。最后,根据风沙地貌特征和旅游发展需要,指出对库姆塔格沙漠风沙地貌遗产进行旅游开发时应该注意的生态环境保护、旅游形象和安全管理、基础设施建设等问题。     

Genetic study of Kelp “901” strain

Based on DNA extraction and optimization of random amplified reaction (RAPD) to the gametophytes and sporophytes of Kelp “901” strain, genetic study on variation was conducted to its parents and offsprings of F6, F7,Fs, and F9 generation. RAPD results have shown that among 30 selected primers for gametophytes, 297 loci ranging from 200 to 3 000 bp were obtained in the average of 9,9 loci for each primer, This indicated a high polymorphic rate with RAPD detection. UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method arithmetic average) analysis showed that each male and female gametophyte of a generation could be clustered into one pair separately. The genetic distances of the Kelp 901 generation were 0.321 2-0.476 7, and the maximum was between F7 and Fs (0.476 7). Identity analysis showed that F6 generation was more close to the female parent (0.659 3), and F7 generation was more close to the male parent (0.5788). To the sporophytes study in 24 selected primers for RAPD amplification, 191 loci ranging from 230-2 800 bp were obtained, in the average to each primer of 8.0 loci. The heterozygosity to six populations were male parent (0.223 9),female parent (0.107 2), F6 (0.216 4), F7 (0.228 6), F8 (0.229 6) and F9 (0.317 2). The nearest genetic distance was 0.083 5 (Fs, F9). Total heterozygosity (HT) ofF6, F7, F8 and F9 generations was 0.318 6, the average heterozygosity (Hs) for F6,F7, F8 and F9 generations was 0.248 0, and deduced coefficient of population differentiation (Gst) was 22.2%. Six sequence characterized amplified regions (SCAR) were preliminary screened through RAPD analysis. It needed to be verified in detail as they are significant for molecular marker assistance in breeding and selecting Laminaria.     

New progress of research on water cycle in atmosphere in China

New progresses are introduced briefly about the water cycle study on atmosphere of China made in recent years. The introduction includes eight aspects as follows: 1) precipitation characteristics, 2) stability of climatic system, 3) precipitation sensitive region, 4) regional evaporation and evapotranspiration, 5) water surface evaporation, 6) vegetation transpiration, 7) cloud physics, and 8) vapor source.