节理分布空间变异的地下洞室稳定性概率分析

以岩土材料力学参数空间变异性的"点估计-有限元"分析方法为基础,结合节理分析时自身存在几何模型、网格划分等特性,扩展了该方法在节理分布空间变异性分析方面的适用性,明确了具体的研究步骤与方法。以某抽水蓄能水电站为例,通过分析节理空间变异性对围岩变形与塑性区的影响,验证了扩展后该方法的准确性和合理性。对工程案例开挖揭露的1400余条节理进行概率统计,建立了节理空间变异性的有限元分析模型;采用扩展后的概率分析方法,研究了节理分布对地下洞室群围岩开挖稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:(1)对比概率分析得到的围岩变形概率分布与现场监测结果,发现剔除变形异常点后监测变形量值大部分位于得到的位移概率分布范围内,说明节理的空间变异性是导致监测变形波动的主要影响因素;(2)围岩变形概率分布的标准差能有效识别出围岩开挖变形受节理空间变异性的影响程度,对于所给出的案例依次为:机窝>边墙>顶拱;(3)围岩塑性区的概率分区能合理判断地下洞室群开挖时受节理影响较大的区域和范围,为工程施工的支护设计提供依据。     

Identification of Milankovitch Cycles and Calculation of Net Primary Productivity of Paleo-peatlands using Geophysical Logs of Coal Seams

Individual coal seams formed in paleo-peatlands represent sustained periods of terrestrial carbon accumulation and a key environmental indicator attributed to this record is the rate of carbon accumulation. Determining the rate of carbon accumulation requires a measure of time contained within the coal. This study aimed to determine this rate via the identification of Milankovitch orbital cycles in the coals. The geophysical log is an ideal paleoclimate proxy and has been widely used in the study of sedimentary records using spectral analysis. Spectral analyses of geophysical log from thick coal seams can be used to identify the Milankovitch cycles and to calculate the period of the coal deposition. By considering the carbon loss during coalification, the long-term average carbon accumulation rate and net primary productivity (NPP) of paleo-peatlands in coal seams can be obtained. This review paper presents the procedures of analysis, assessment of results and interpretation of geophysical logs in determining the NPP of paleo-peatlands.     

西藏拉抗俄斑岩铜钼矿床流体包裹体研究

西藏冈底斯成矿带拉抗俄斑岩铜钼矿床位于西藏特提斯构造域拉萨地块东段中南部,是近年来青藏高原地质大调查项目评价的重点矿床之一。文章在钻孔地质编录的基础上,依据矿物组合、脉体穿切关系的不同,划分了3个成矿阶段:早阶段、中阶段以及晚阶段,成矿中阶段为主成矿阶段。根据包裹体室温下的相态充填度特征以及是否含有子矿物,可将其分为3大类:液相包裹体(Ⅰ)、气相包裹体(Ⅱ)和含子晶多相包裹体(Ⅲ)。成矿早阶段流体包裹体主要为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类包裹体,均一温度集中在260~400℃之间,w(Na Cleq)为2.1%~39.4%;成矿中阶段的流体包裹体主要为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类包裹体,具有典型的沸腾包裹体组合,均一温度集中在280~360℃,w(Na Cleq)为2.2%~37.1%;成矿晚阶段流体包裹体主要为Ⅰ类包裹体,均一温度集中在220~280℃,w(Na Cleq)为3.6%~5.6%,显示包裹体均一温度及盐度呈递减趋势。成矿流体是中高温、中高盐度,且富含成矿元素的Na Cl-H_2O体系流体。矿床形成的压力为(100±10)MPa,形成深度为(3.7±0.4)km。激光拉曼探针分析结果表明,流体包裹体液相成分主要为H_2O,气相成分含有CO_2;子矿物有黄铜矿、磁铁矿、赤铁矿、石膏、黄铁矿、金红石、长石等。成矿早阶段,岩浆房发生流体出溶;成矿中阶段,岩浆流体发生减压沸腾和不混溶作用。综上所述,温度降低、压力减小、pH值的增加以及氧化还原电位的变化是造成拉抗俄矿床成矿元素沉淀的主要因素。     

浊流砂体综合解释技术

在高分辨率地震勘探和区域地震地层学研究的基础上,从牛庄油田实际出发,针对三角洲沉积体系中复杂的岩性油藏的特点,总结了一套较完善的浊流砂体综合解释方法,介绍了层位标定、人机联作定量解释以及综合解释等技术环节.钻探验证结果证明了方法的有效性.     

Understanding Agriculture Production and Food Security in Ethiopia from the Perspective of China

Food security and sustainable agricultural development are the hot issues of scientific research, especially after the population affected by hunger surprisingly increased in 2016. Long-lasting and recurrent famines caused by natural disasters and wars have afflicted Ethiopia. Unlike Ethiopia, which is still struggling to achieve food self-sufficiency, China managed to quickly become food self-sufficient at a rapid speed, despite the fact that it also faced the same challenges of famine over the last century. In the backdrop of differing environmental and socio-political challenges the two countries face, comparing the similarities and differences between the two countries will yield important lessons and insights for Ethiopia to follow to achieve food self-sufficiency. Here, the progress towards food security in Ethiopia and China is presented to quantitatively compare the gap of agricultural production between both countries. We found that food production in Ethiopia is heavily constrained by drought, soil degradation, climate change, out-dated agricultural production technologies, and poverty. According to these challenges, we examined corresponding responses in China to propose solutions for achieving food self-sufficiency in Ethiopia, given the realities of its unique national situation.     

西藏曲水县达布斑岩铜(钼)矿床成岩成矿年代学研究

本文采用锆石LA-ICP-MS微区U-Pb测年技术,对冈底斯成矿带东段曲水县达布斑岩Cu(Mo)矿床北部达布矿区含矿斑岩体、南部显角囊含矿花岗闪长斑岩岩体进行了年代学研究,通过对3件岩体样品中单颗粒锆石的分析,达布主矿体花岗闪长斑岩样品206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为16.5±0.05Ma(n=15,MSWD=3),达布主含矿体二长花岗斑岩样品年龄为16.1±0.13Ma(n=15,MSWD=1.03),南部显角囊矿体花岗闪长斑岩年龄为16.2±0.04Ma(n=13,MSWD=0.0064)。对达布矿床斑岩Cu(Mo)矿床主矿体中4件辉钼矿样品,显角囊矿体中6件辉钼矿样品,分别进行了Re-Os同位素测试,等时线年龄分别为14.6±0.50Ma(MSWD=0.35,主矿体)、14.8±0.23Ma(MSWD=1.3,显角囊)。结合前人研究以及本次测年结果认为:1)达布斑岩铜(钼)矿床岩体侵位的年龄应限定在16Ma左右,成矿时代为14Ma左右,成矿时间差小于0.86Ma,与区域上"成矿瞬时发生"的成矿规律是一致的;2)矿床产出于印度-亚洲大陆板块后碰撞伸展环境。     

塔里木东北缘坡北基性-超基性岩体形成时代及岩浆演化

坡北基性-超基性岩体位于塔里木板块东北缘,出露面积约180 km2,岩浆分异充分,主要岩性包括橄榄岩、橄榄辉长岩、辉长苏长岩、辉长岩等。锆石U-Pb测年结果显示,辉长岩结晶年龄为277.1±2.2 Ma,辉长苏长岩结晶年龄为273.5±2.9 Ma,橄榄辉长岩结晶年龄为275.5±1.5 Ma,含斜长石橄榄岩结晶年龄为280±2 Ma,不同类型岩石形成年龄集中在270~280 Ma,与塔里木地幔柱在时间和空间上具有一定耦合性。矿物地球化学数据显示,纯橄榄岩中橄榄石Fo(镁铁比值)值最高,达到90.9%;单斜辉石成分在不同类型的岩石中相似,MgO和CaO含量连续变化,且呈负相关关系,指示其具有相似的原始岩浆成分;不同类型岩石的微量元素蛛网图与稀土元素配分图变化一致,表明其为同源岩浆演化;Sr-Nd同位素地球化学图解显示,坡北岩体源自亏损地幔,经历了4%~15%下地壳物质的混染。综合研究认为,坡北基性-超基性杂岩体不同岩相具有过渡或侵入接触关系,形成时代相近,具有同源岩浆演化特征,但是岩浆就位顺序不同,地壳混染程度存在差异。     

21世纪中国地理学综合研究的主要领域

面对越来越综合和复杂的研究对象,各国地理学研究正在逐步从单一要素和过程的研究向多要素、复杂过程综合集成方向发展。中国地理学研究在地表自然过程刻画和人文过程的认识方面取得了突出成就,但仍然存在着诸多需要完善的方面,综合集成研究能力有待进一步提高。新世纪我国地理学研究需要在地表过程深入研究的基础上有针对性地探讨综合集成研究的理论和方法,加快与当代国际地理学的全面融合。     

Multiscale characteristics of the wetting deformation of Malan loess in the Yan'an area,China

Loess is prone to collapse upon wetting due to its open metastable structure, which poses a considerable threat to the environment, construction processes and human life. In this study, double oedometer tests and scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry analyses were conducted on loess from Yan'an to study the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of loess wetting deformation and the underlying mechanism. The wetting collapse of loess under loading depends on the changes in different microstructure levels and elements. This collapse chain reaction is manifested by the dissipation, scattering and recombination of the cementation, deformation and reorganization of the particles, blocking of the pore channels, decrease in the dominant size and volume of unstable macropores(14 μm) and abundant mesopores(2.5-14 μm), increase in the volume of small pores(0.05–2.5 μm), and volume contraction at the macroscale. This process is dependent on the initial water content,stress level and wetting degree. These findings can facilitate collapsible loess hazard prevention and geological engineering construction.     

世界城市网络研究理论与方法及其对城市体系研究的启示

世界城市研究是城市研究领域的重点领域之一,主流学者们的研究方法与思路在不同时期发生了一系列变化,研究的主要视角可划分为"有属性无关系"的世界城市研究、网络社会视角的世界城市研究、全球背景下的世界城市网络理论与方法研究三个阶段.随着信息通讯技术的发展、全球一体化进程的加速推进,生产性服务业已成为世界级城市发展高端化的重要...