The Four Plutonic Belts of the Transhimalaya-Himalaya: a Chemical, Mineralogical, Isotopic, and Chronological Synthesis along a Tibet-Nepal Section

The geochemistry (major, trace element, O- and Sr-isotope ratios)and petrology of the Transhimalaya, North Himalaya, High Himalayaand ‘Lesser Himalaya’ plutonic belts are comparedbased on the analyses of up to 492 samples. The composite Transhimalaya batholith is subalkaline or monzoniticin character rather than calc-alkaline. Its genesis was probablyclosely related to subduction processes associated with strike-slipmovement. It was emplaced on both sides of the boundary betweenan earlier metavolcanic arc and a continental margin. Two principalperiods of magmatic activity occurred: Upper Cretaceous and,particularly in this region, Eocene at the time of the India-Eurasiacollision when sediments may have become involved in the subductionprocess. Magmatic differentiation, characterized by two superimposedstages of evolution, and hybridization processes, involvingboth basic and acidic magmas, can account for the genesis ofthe different plutonic units. Although a continental contributionis implied, the isotopic data (6.8 < ¹⁸O < 9?2; 0?704< ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, < 0?707) preclude a significant contributionfrom either old crust or surface derived sediments. The North, High and ‘Lesser’ Himalaya plutonic beltsare fundamentally different and correspond to aluminous associationsof two groups of ages (Lower Palaeozoic for the ‘LesserHimalaya’ and part of the North Himalaya; Upper Cenozoicfor the High Himalaya and part of the North Himalaya). Theyare all high-¹⁸O (9 < ¹⁸O < 14) granites and adamelliteswith high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ratios (0?709 to < 0?740). TheLower Palaeozoic group was generated within the Gondwana continentalcrust, independent of any true orogenesis, with a probable butlimited contribution from the mantle. High Himalaya and NorthHimalaya Cenozoic plutons are directly linked to the activityof the Main Central Thrust. They were derived by similar anatecticprocesses of the same continental source rocks. The small butdistinct chemical and mineralogical differences among the plutonsare related to the increase in the intensity of anatexis ongoing towards the north and the east.     

劈理现象的观察与讨论

劈理现象的研究从D.沙尔普开始,已有百余年的历史。关于劈理形象的描述、分类与成因方面的一些基本看法,在本世纪初期及更早一些时候就提出来了(Sorby H. C. 1856; Becker G. 1904; LeithC. K. 1905; Becke F. 1913)。以后,仍有不少构造地质工作者继续不断地进行劈理的研究,提出一些补充资料和分类与成因的看法(如Sander B. 1930; Closs E. 1947; Hoeppener R. 1955; de Sitter L.U. 1956; Knill J. K. 1960; Gonzalez-Bonorino F. 1960; Turner F. J. & Weiss L. E. 1963)。     

贝尔凹陷苏德尔特构造带的形成与演化

苏德尔特构造带是海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷的重要油气聚集带之一。使用平衡剖面技术和基于斜向剪切模型的人字形桁架法对苏德尔特构造带及其两侧的贝西断陷和贝中断陷进行了详细的构造几何学和运动学解析,认为在南屯期近SN向伸展,形成近EW向断陷盆地群之后,又叠加了大磨拐河组早期的短时间NW向伸展,以及此后的坳陷沉降,才形成了苏德尔特构造带特殊的构造样式。贝中断陷的东侧边界断层是整个贝尔凹陷在大磨拐河组早期伸展的主干边界断层,并且断层面具有坡坪式特征。苏德尔特构造带是发育于第一阶断坪上部的"滚动背斜",是重力和边界断层几何形态共同控制的结果,形成机制属于重力影响下的横弯褶皱作用,而非侧向挤压引起的纵弯褶皱作用。     

Petrogenesis of Group I Kimberlites from Kimberley, South Africa: Evidence from Bulk-rock Geochemistry

Fresh samples of hypabyssal kimberlite from the five major kimberlitepipes in the Kimberley area of South Africa have been analysedfor their bulk-rock major and trace element geochemistry. Thegeochemical data allow identification of the influence of crustalcontamination in certain samples, best illustrated in termsof elevated SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Pb and heavy rare earth element (HREE)contents. Samples devoid of such crustal contamination showcoherent major and fluid-immobile trace element variations,whereas fluid-mobile trace elements are scattered. Kimberlitesrich in macrocrysts are shown to reflect substantial (up to35%) entrainment of mantle peridotite, with Ni–SiO₂ andSc–SiO₂ variations defining mixing trajectories towardsgarnet lherzolite. The likely primary magma(s) parental to theKimberley kimberlites is suggested to have a composition of26–27 wt % MgO, 26–27 wt % SiO₂,     

中国西南地区CO2释放点的He同位素分布不均一性及大地构造成因

在印度板块向欧亚大陆俯冲碰撞过程中,产生一系列深大断裂带,形成大量CO2释放脱气点。这些点除了释放大量的CO2、N2、H2S气体以外,还会附带释放CH4、He等各种各样的气体。释放出来的氦为惰性元素,是判识幔源气体最灵敏的地球化学示踪指标,He同位素随形成的构造部位不同而不均匀地分布,且与不同的大地构造成因关系密切。藏中及藏北区块在大地构造位置上属于班公湖-怒江断裂带发生了明显的地幔脱气作用,显示其与地幔相连通而且深度达到上地幔,为一条岩石圈深断裂带;但样品中幔源氦约占总氦的1.4%~1.7%,反映该断裂带深部的开放性程度较低,而闭合性程度相对较高,由此反映了该区处于强烈挤压的构造环境和地壳增厚的地质背景。在滇西南地区(重点在腾冲热海地区)地热流体逸出气体中含有大量幔源岩浆挥发组份,表明该区地壳浅部存在幔源岩浆侵入活动。该区怒江断裂带发生着明显的地幔脱气作用,显示该断裂带与地幔相连通且深度达到上地幔,为一条岩石圈深断裂带;同时所有样品中的幔源氦平均约占总氦的26.2%,最高可达48.8%以上。反映该裂谷带代表伸展性构造环境,且是地幔脱气作用最强烈的构造区之一,是俯冲碰撞的中心地带。而在滇中地区—小江断裂带却是另一番景象,该区样品中的幔源氦平均约占总氦的2.27%,最高也才8.9%。反映此区为印度板块向欧亚大陆以NNE方向碰撞影响到的最东缘。小江断裂带局限在地壳范围内,故而氦同位素显示出在此断裂带以西则明显存在幔源来源,而往东则幔源氦极微。氦同位素在自西至东由藏西到藏南(藏南西与藏南东)至滇西到滇中,R/Ra值由较低到较高再到较低到最高再降低的平面分布规律。川西—鲜水河断裂带则因特殊的构造部位,是中国“地质百慕大”;样品中幔源氦平均约占总氦的8.1%,平均值高于西藏各分区以及云南除滇西南以外的各区,但又远远小于滇西南—腾冲地区。说明鲜水河断裂带,部分地贯穿整个岩石圈,并有切割上地幔之趋势。     

Experimental Study on the Influencing Factors of Motion Responses on an Air-Floating Caisson with Multiple Compartments

The structure of an air-floating caisson is suitable for the major structure of caisson-type artificial islands.Thus,it has been rapidly developed and widely used in the exploration and development of oil and gas fields in shallow sea and intertidal zones.Air-floating transportation technology is one of the key technologies employed in this structure.In this paper,the factors influencing the dynamic response characteristics of air-floating caisson with multi-compartments(AFCMC)were studied using model tests.The length and the height of each air-floating structure in the model were 1.0 and 0.1 m,respectively.In addition,the 1:100 models with 6,8,and 10 compartments under regular waves were tested in the wave flume,respectively.In the experiments,the respective water depths were set at 0.2,0.3,and 0.4 m,and the corresponding drafts were 0.05,0.06,and 0.07 m.Results show that with the increase of draft,the heave natural period increased and the maximum amplitude of the heave motion decreased.Meanwhile,the pitch motion decreased at 6 and 8 compartments and increased at 10 compartments.As the water depth increased,the maximum amplitude and amplitude change of heave and pitch motions first increased and then decreased.However,several amplitudes close to the maximum amplitude appeared in the measured period at shallower water depth,thereby indicating the vertical movements of the structure enhanced under shallow water.The increase in the number of compartments reduced the vertical movements under 6.0 m draft,but it increased the vertical movements under 5.0 and 7.0 m draft.Thus,increasing the number of compartments has a limited capacity to improve the motion performance of the structure.     

基于彩色点云的公路资产管理研究

随着中国基础设施建设的蓬勃发展,对高速公路资产信息化管理的需求也越来越多。针对国家公路局中的道路资产的监管问题,研究了以B/S架构为基础,采用开源OpenLayers和CityMaker平台等技术构建了基于WebGIS的道路养护管理系统。实现了对点云的采集、整理及制作,把点云作为公路资产的真三维对象,达到的对公路资产在虚拟平台上的管理。该系统能够有效降低道路资产管理的成本,有效避免对管养资产的重复投资,同时可作为未来大数据分析的基础。     

基于BP神经网络与变形监测成果的隧道安全状态评估

隧道变形监测周期长、内容多且影响因素复杂,因此需要对隧道监测方法进行不断的改进,对隧道的健康状态进行实时评估。研究变形监测范畴内基于BP神经网络的隧道安全状态评估模型,组建集卫星定位技术、测量机器人、传感器技术、移动网络通信等为一体的现代化物联网模式下的隧道变形监测系统,分析多源数据的变形特征,结合专家经验知识,实现基于BP神经网络与变形监测成果下的隧道安全状态评估,为隧道变形监测及安全状态评估提供一种新颖而有效的方法。     

广西西大明山渌井铅锌矿床成因——流体包裹体、硫化物矿物化学和硫同位素约束

渌井矿床是广西西大明山地区内一个典型的脉状铅锌矿床,矿体赋存于寒武纪地层中,主要受断裂构造控制。本文在详细野外调查的基础上,通过对其流体包裹体、硫化物矿物化学和硫同位素的系统测定和分析,探讨了成矿流体性质和矿质来源。流体包裹体研究表明,渌井矿床主成矿阶段流体包裹体类型以富液相的气液两相包裹体和纯液相包裹体为主,主成矿期包裹体均一温度为237~281℃(平均值为256℃),对应盐度为3.54%~12.69%(均值为8.39%)。硫化物电子探针分析结果显示,闪锌矿以富集Fe、Cd、In而贫Mn、Ga、Ge等元素为特征,多属于形成温度偏高的含铁闪锌矿类型。硫化物硫同位素研究显示,δ34S值总体变化范围为-1.9‰~4.4‰,呈塔式分布,均值为1.7‰,位于零值附近,暗示渌井矿床硫化物的硫主要来源于岩浆。综合矿床地质、流体包裹体、硫化物矿物化学及硫同位素特征可知,渌井矿床应归属于热液脉型铅锌矿床范畴,在成因上与本区深部的隐伏岩体具有密切的联系,成矿时代可能为燕山晚期。     

右江褶皱带东南缘西大明山矿集区燕山期长英质岩浆锆石SHRIMP原位氧同位素组成与地质意义

右江褶皱带晚白垩世岩浆岩的物质来源和成因机制及其相关的大规模Sn-W多金属成矿作用是目前研究的热点和前沿问题之一。本文在已获得锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素基础上,对广西西大明山地区酸性岩浆进行了锆石SHRIMP氧同位素研究。石英斑岩δ~(18)O_(Zrn)值为5.31‰~9.31‰(平均值为7.61±2.17‰)、绢英岩化黑云母花岗岩δ~(18)O_(Zrn)值为7.11‰~9.79‰(平均值为8.36±1.33‰)、细粒黑云母花岗岩δ~(18)O_(Zrn)值为5.06‰~9.27‰(平均值为7.73±2.23‰)、中粒黑云母花岗岩δ~(18)O_(Zrn)值为5.06‰~9.27‰(平均值为7.73±2.23‰)二长花岗岩δ~(18)O_(Zrn)值为5.48‰~10.99‰(平均值为7.55±2.77‰)。测试结果显示广西西大明山地区酸性岩浆锆石氧同位素普遍具有双峰式分布特征且Hf-O同位素组成构成负相关性,暗示地壳组份和富集地幔两端元混合的特征。Hf-O同位素特征指示酸性岩浆岩源主要来自古老的地壳,并混有部分幔源物质。地幔物质的存在暗示了同时期来自地幔的物质不仅参与右江褶皱带晚白垩世岩浆作用的形成,可能为的地壳部分熔融,花岗岩岩浆的形成提供了热能。西大明山地区酸性岩浆具有高δ~(18)O_(Zrn)值和低ε_(Hf)(t)值且低Ce(Ⅳ)/Ce(Ⅲ)比值(即低氧逸度),显示出有利于形成大型以Pb-Zn为主的矽卡岩型矿床特征。本文研究结果表明,锆石O-Hf同位素综合研究能限定幔源岩浆参与花岗岩形成中的作用能帮助更加准确的限定岩浆源区。同时锆石氧同位素可以作为成矿规律研究的有效途径之一。