Plume-Lithosphere Interaction and the Origin of Continental Rift-related Alkaline Volcanism--the Chyulu Hills Volcanic Province, Southern Kenya

Geochemical data are presented for primitive alkaline lavasfrom the Chyulu Hills Volcanic Province of southern Kenya, situatedsome 100 km east of the Kenya Rift Valley. In addition to theirprimitive compositions, a striking and ubiquitous feature isa strong but variable depletion in K relative to other highlyincompatible elements when normalized to primitive mantle values.Semi-quantitative models are developed that best explain thepetrogenesis of these lavas in terms of partial melting of asource that contained residual amphibole (but not phlogopite).The presence of amphibole implies a source in the subcontinentallithosphere rather than the asthenosphere. It is suggested thatthe amphibole is of metasomatic origin and was precipitatedin the lithospheric mantle by infiltrating fluids and/or meltsderived from rising mantle plume material. A raised geothermas a consequence of the continued ascent of the plume materialled to dehydration melting of the metasomatized mantle and generationof the Chyulu Hills lavas. It is proposed that the Chyulu HillsVolcanic Province represents an analogue for the earliest stagesof continental rift initiation, during which interaction betweena plume and initially refractory lithosphere may lead to thegeneration of lithospheric melts. KEY WORDS: rift-related alkaline volcanism; residual amphibole; subcontinental lithosphere     

Upper Mantle Amphiboles and Micas and TiO2, K2O, and P2O5 Abundances and 100 Mg/(Mg+Fe2+ Ratios of Common Basalts and Andesites: Implications for Modal Mantle Metasomatism and Undepleted Mantle Compositions

Modal mantle metasomatism, involving the re-enrichment of depletedmantle by the introduction or production of new hydrous phases,apatite and other minerals, has been proposed as a criticalprecursor to alkaline volcanism. The merits of the modal metasomatismmodel are evaluated by examining whole-rock 100 Mg/(Mg+Fe²⁺)ratios and the abundances of TiO₂, K₂O and P₂O₅ in mafic volcanicsspanning the mafic alkaline-subalkaline compositional spectrum.Upper mantle amphiboles and micas are also discussed becausethey would be major donors of Ti, Fe, and K to melts duringanatexis of either modally metasomatized depleted mantle orundepleted mantle. Compared with tholeiitic and calc-alkaline basalts and andesites,basanites and alkali basalts and alkali andesites are neitherdistinctive nor unique by virtue of persistant or well-definedhigher abundances of TiO₂, K₂O, and P₂O₅ or lower 100 Mg/(Mg+Fe₂₊)ratios, features which might reflect precursor modal metasomatismof the alkaline sources. Some basanites and alkali basalts dohave higher abundances of TiO₂, K₂O, and P₂O₅ than some tholeiitesbut these abundances may be the result of lower degrees of meltingof similar undepleted mantle sources for both magma types. The most widespread mantle phases of inferred metasomatic originare interstitial amphiboles and micas in Group I spinel peridotitexenoliths. These have high 100 Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratios ({small tilde}90) and high Cr₂O₃ and low TiO₂ abundances, and the K₂O/Na₂Oratios of the amphiboles (chromian pargasites) are low, generallyless than 0?3. Interstitial amphiboles and micas developed asa result of near-isochemical hydration reactions which largelyinvolved Cr-spinel and Cr-diopside. Their formation was probablyinduced in many instances by fluids derived from crystallizingmafic magmas. Metasomatized Group I xenoliths with interstitialhydrous phases remain depleted in TiO₂, K₂O, and P₂O₅, and theyretain the high 100 Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratios characterizing depletedGroup I xenoliths. Together with the low K₂O/Na₂O ratios, thesefeatures preclude such peridotites as suitable sources of mostalkaline (and subalkaline) volcanics. It is suggested that modalmetasomatism plays an insignificant role in the genesis of mostmantle-derived mafic volcanics. Compared with the interstitial phases, kaersutitic amphibolesand titaniferous micas from vein, Group II inclusion and megacrystupper mantle parageneses have lower 100 Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratios andCr₂O₃ contents, and much higher TiO₂ abundances. K₂O/Na₂O ratiosof the Ti-amphiboles are also much more wide-ranging (0?3 togreater than 1?0). These Fe, Ti-rich amphiboles and micas areneither widespread nor pervasive phases in metasomatized mantle.They are directly related to alkaline magmatism in the uppermantle where they may be associated with incompatible elementenrichment of peridotite wallrocks in the immediate vicinityof frozen conduits of alkaline mafic magmas. The varying K₂O/Na₂O ratios of mafic volcanics (MORB constitutea major exception) indicate that the principal K-bearing phasesin undepleted mantle are kaersutitic amphibole and titaniferousmica, in varying proportions. The former is probably the majorsource of Ti and K for low K/Na volcanics (K₂O/Na₂O < 0?5)and also many medium K/Na types (0?5 < K₂O/Na₂O < 1?0),whereas mica is more likely to be the major K-bearing phasein the source regions of high K/Na extrusives (K₂O/Na₂ >1?0). Experimental data indicate that kaersutitic amphibole,mica and apatite probably coexist in undepleted spinel- andgarnet lherzolites at pressures up to 25 kb, with mica persistingto pressures as high as 50 kb. It is proposed that undepleted asthenospheric mantle is heterogeneouswith respect to its amphibole, mica, and apatite contents (andhence TiO₂, K₂O, and P₂O₅ abundances and K₂O/Na₂O ratios), andalso with respect to 100 Mg/(Mg+Fe²⁺ ) ratios which may be significantlyless than the ratios generally assigned to undepleted mantle,namely 88–90.     

1:50 000重庆市奉节县幅灾害地质图数据集

奉节县是中国三峡库区地质灾害高发区县,区内地形起伏,构造和软弱岩层发育,地质环境较脆弱,通过对研究区开展野外地质调查,查清了区内地质灾害分布规律及孕灾地质背景,整合灾害、地质和地理信息等数据,首次编制了奉节县幅1∶50 000灾害地质图,建立数据集。本文从数据来源、数据收集方法、处理技术等方面进行了整理和归纳,以期呈现地质灾害调查领域灾害地质图数据集应用的实例,为该类型地质调查和数据集处理及应用提供参考。     

泉州湾河口湿地退化现状及人为影响因素

从自然湿地面积大幅减少、入侵物种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)面积大幅增加、水环境质量恶化和生物质量下降等方面概述了泉州湾河口湿地的退化现状;认为生活污水和工业废水等污染物的排放、互花米草入侵、水利工程修建和大规模围塘养殖,是造成泉州湾河口湿地退化的主要人为影响因素.     

VB和VBA for AutoCAD编程在电力勘测塔基断面数据处理中的应用

在电力线路勘测过程中,全站仪和GPS配合使用已成为电力行业测量主要采用的方式。随着电力行业的发展,塔基断面数据的处理成图工作越来越重要。为了进一步提高对不同方式获得的塔基断面数据进行高效处理,本文探讨利用VB,VBA for AutoCAD编程工具开发程序,在AutoCAD中自动成图的技术和方法。最后为塔基断面数据的程序化处理提供一种高效、快捷、简便的方法。     

泉州湾河口湿地景观格局变化研究

利用1988年、1993年、1997年、2002年和2005年泉州湾河口湿地的遥感影像数据,将该湿地分为永久性河流/河口水域/浅海水域、潮间沙石海滩、潮间淤泥滩涂、红树林、互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)沼泽、水产池塘和其他湿地7个类型,对该湿地景观格局变化进行了研究.结果表明,1988～2005年间,泉州湾河口湿地景观格局发生了明显变化,整体景观越来越呈多类型均衡化分布,各景观斑块的形状趋于复杂;潮间淤泥滩涂的面积明显减少,从1988年的3 043.62 hm2减少到2005年的2 009.42 hm2,面积共减少1 034.2 hm2;而互花米草沼泽和水产池塘的面积在明显增加;1988年互花米草沼泽的面积仅为20.16 hm2,到2005年时其面积已达563.05 hm2,互花米草沼泽面积增加了542.89 hm2,平均每年增加约32 hm2,且目前仍处于扩大阶段;水产池塘的面积从1988年的30.87 hm2增加到2005年的185.01 hm2,其面积增加了154.14 hm2;由于人工红树林生态恢复工程的实施,使红树林面积在2005年达到50.72 hm2,人工造林是恢复红树林生态系统的有效途径;潮间淤泥滩涂、红树林和互花米草沼泽的破碎化程度增大,景观异质性越来越高.     

On the Petrogeny of the Leucite-bearing Rocks of the Roman and Birunga Volcanic Regions

The petrogeny of the leucite-bearing rocks occurring in theRoman and Birunga volcanic regions is reappraised using previouslypublished data. It is shown by means of Principal Latent VectorVariation Diagrams (Le Maitre, 1968) that the chemical analysesof rocks from the two provinces form complementary suites withina well defined trend, which can be interpreted in terms of low-pressurecrystal differentiation. The potential role of the basic compositionsof the trend as parent material is examined in the light ofrecent experimental evidence and a possible evolutionary modelis proposed involving polybaric crystallization.     

对高能粒子扩散理论NLGC-E的系数研究

带电粒子的扩散机制一直被认为是天体物理学的一个很重要的问题.最近,Matthaeus等人在2003年得出了带电粒子垂直扩散的非线性引导中心理论(NLGC),该理论采用平行扩散系数作为一个输入,这个NLGC理论与数值模拟结果符合得比较好.另外,Qin在2007年得到了非线性的平行扩散理论(NLPA),这个理论如果与NLGC理论联立可以得到扩展的非线性引导中心理论(NLGC-E),该理论是两个积分方程的形式并且可以用来同时求出平行和垂直扩散系数. NLGC理论中有一个系数a2,通过与数值模拟结果比较选定最佳值为1/3.尝试改变NLGC-E中的系数a2,确定与模拟结果吻合最好的系数值.     

城市地质信息数据安全管理研究

随着国家对城市地质工作的不断重视以及力度的加强,城市地质信息系统在经历着不断的发展和更新换代,同时有关地质体状况的基础地质数据、地质环境数据（如地面沉降监测）等也在随着技术的不断发展而逐渐增长。所有的数据集群在一起,通过各种应用平台为城市规划、建设、管理服务。但是,日益庞大的数据将面临数据存储、备份、保护等问题。经过对网络运营状况,现有网络设备、软件系统、数据库规模以及未来网络发展的分析研究,本文结合自身网络特性、通过相应技术手段,为配合未来发展需求,建立了一套城市地质信息数据安全管理体系。