近500年来长江上游亚热带山地中低山植被的演替

从人口分布变迁入手探讨植被变迁,发现距今500年以前,长江上游亚热带山地海拔3000~1500m的中低山地区多是乔木林为主而间与草甸混交景观,而非现在的以草甸、灌草坡为主的景观。人类主要居住在海拔1500m以下的平坝、台地和丘陵地区,人类活动对海拔1500m以上的山地地区影响甚小。现代地理学界静态描述的长江上游地区海拔1500~3000m的中低山湿地草坡带,在500多年前仍多是以冷杉、云杉为主的针阔叶林与草甸混交景观。近500年来人类垦殖、商业砍伐、皇木采办等活动是造成这种变化的主要原因。皇木采办、商业采办影响了长江上游中低山的森林资源的品质,主要对高大的楠杉的砍伐,较明显地影响了森林的郁闭度,但并不给森林资源带来不可回归的影响。人类垦殖活动,特别是固定的农耕活动,大量砍挖树根,使森林资源的自我恢复失去了可能。气候变化的影响可能在其中,一时还难以区分,需继续关注。     

基于直升机平台的南极非量测数码航空摄影测量技术研究

使用直升机作为飞行平台并应用哈苏H1D非量测数码相机进行南极中山站和拉斯曼丘陵地区摄影测量。通过对非量测相机标定,获取相机的内方位元素,从而可进行航空摄影测量。两个区域的具体试验表明基于直升机平台和非量测数码相机的航空摄影测量可应用于南极等困难地区的地形图测绘。     

玉树地震后结古镇群发式泥石流灾害数值模拟及危险性分析

青海省玉树州结古镇北山的5条泥石流沟曾在2003-07发生过群发式泥石流灾害.强烈地震发生后的5～10 a是泥石流的高发期.2010-04-14(简称"4.14")玉树地震使结古镇周围山体出现大最崩塌、滑坡,为后期群发式泥石流灾害发育提供了丰富的同体物源.根据国务院划定的结古镇地震灾害重建规划范围及野外考察资料,在GIS环境下,采用对泥石流运动方程进行求解,并结合泥石流运动过程中的地形、坡度、沟道、流量过程、含沙量等信息,对结古镇重建区范围内的17条沟进行了泥石流运动-淤积过程数值模拟.对模拟结果的分析表明,结古镇灾后重建区受泥石流威胁极大,泥石流到达结古镇后,其最大流速、泥深及能量仍具有较大破坏性;对现有老城区威胁严重的泥石流沟是结古陇巴和德念陇巴,对规划新区具有严重威胁的泥石流沟是热翁陇、上尖果陇、下尖果陇以及显子陇,扎曲河部分河段有被泥石流堵断的危险.建议在重建规划中对泥石流沟进行工程治理,保障"新玉树,新结古"灾后重建的安全.     

High-resolution crustal structure of the Yinchuan basin revealed by deep seismic reflection profiling: implications for deep processes of basin

The Yinchuan basin, located on the western margin of the Ordos block, has the characteristics of an active continental rift. A NW-striking deep seismic reflection profile across the center of Yinchuan basin precisely revealed the fine structure of the crust. The images showed that the crust in the Yinchuan basin was characterized by vertical stratifications along a detachment located at a two-way travel time(TWT) of 8.0 s.The most outstanding feature of this seismic profile was the almost flat Mohorovicˇic′ discontinuity(Moho) and a high-reflection zone in the lower crust. This sub-horizontal Moho conflicts with the general assumption of an uplifted Moho under sedimentary basins and continental rifts, and may indicate the action of different processes at depth during the evolution of sedimentary basins or rifts.We present a possible interpretation of these deep processes and the sub-horizontal Moho. The high-reflection zone, which consists of sheets of high-density, mantlederived materials, may have compensated for crustal thinning in the Yinchuan basin, leading to the formation of a sub-horizontal Moho. These high-density materials may have been emplaced by underplating with mantlesourced magma.     

基于Coons曲面与约束三角网的区域地质调查三维建模方法

目前基于野外地质调查数据自动、快速地建立区域三维地质体模型是中国全面开展三维数字地质填图的迫切需求。本文基于产状、地质界线与路线剖面等野外区域地质调查要素,提出了一种二维平面地质图及路线剖面图向三维地质体模型的快速转换方法。该方法针对无剖面约束及含剖面约束2种情形,通过地质界线区域分割、多段线仿射变换等空间几何变换处理,推估出剖面线约束的地下地质界线,基于Coons曲面构建出地质体的侧面模型;然后,通过约束三角网算法构建地质体的顶、底面模型,最终建立拓扑一致的区域地质体三维模型。基于此方法,对中国1:2.5万区域地质调查试点区域进行了区域三维地质建模实践,实现了火山口、地层、岩体、断层等典型地质构造的快速三维重建。     

Strategic transformation of regionalization for the agricultural comprehensive development: The example of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in China

Strategic transformation of regionalization for agricultural comprehensive development (ACD) was presented by the Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China (MOF) in 2014. The regionalization is the premise and basis of the sustainable development and improved competitiveness for agriculture. Based on the environmental resources related to agriculture, such as cropland, climate, water resources, terrain, geomorphology, patterns of the ACD projects, distribution of ecological planning, etc., we devised 13 indices using the geographic comprehensive regionalization method. The indices took into account a combination of dynamic and static, qualitative and quantitative, as well as agricultural and ecological factors. The strategic transformation of regionalization for the ACD in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China was performed; seven types were included: prioritized regions, prioritized and restricted regions, protected regions, protected and restricted regions, restricted and prioritized regions, restricted and protected regions, and restricted regions. A further 24 subtypes were used based on locations and ecological zones. The regionalization results showed that prioritized regions were mainly in northern Ningxia, the most suitable area for agriculture. The protected and restricted regions were in central and southern Ningxia. In the central part, drought was the limiting factor for agriculture, and water conservation projects there should be supported. The ecological environment is fragile in southern Ningxia, so there is a need for ecologically sound agriculture to be developed in this region. Such regionalization could achieve two goals, namely agricultural conservation and eco-environmental protection. It was performed following the requirement for scientific regionalization to include three types of regions (prioritized regions, protected regions, and restricted regions), and was applied at the township scale in a provincial or autonomous region for the first time. The results provide both guidance for the strategic transformation of the ACD in Ningxia, and a reference for similar work in other provinces.     

基于物元可拓法的地下水水质评价——以梨树县平原区浅层地下水为例

鉴于水质评价指标的多样性和由单指标给出评价结果的不相容性,从物元分析和可拓集合的理论出发,建立了基于物元可拓法的地下水水质评价模型,以梨树县平原区浅层地下水为研究对象,进行了水质综合评价。综合关联度和可拓指数的计算结果表明,东辽河沿岸的孤家子、东河以及金山一带水质已遭受污染,局部地区水质有从Ⅱ级向Ⅲ级转化的趋势。通过与综合评分法的评价结果对比,验证了该评价模型的可靠性,它不仅可以客观地反映地下水水质总体状况,而且可定性地分析样本水质的变化方向,使评价结果更接近于实际情况。     

GPS城市地壳变形监测网的数据处理及精度分析

应用GPS定位技术进行城市或区域地壳变形监测,研究了GPS监测的数据处理和精度分析的理论和方法.使用高精度的定位分析软件GAMIT,对某城市地壳变形监测网的试验观测数据进行数据处理,并对解算得到的基线向量和坐标分别进行精度分析,结果表明:在100km范围内,GPS基线重复率在平面上比例误差可以达到10-8,垂直方向比例误差可以达到10-7;GPS监测点的三维坐标重复率精度可达到3mm左右,能满足城市或区域地壳变形监测的精度要求.     

白洋淀不同年龄芦苇根状茎中氮和磷含量

芦苇(Phragmites australis)是白洋淀水陆交错带区域典型的湿地植物,其具有庞大的地下根状茎,面积约6000 hm2.2011年11月,在白洋淀马堡村苇地采集了土壤和芦苇根状茎样品;依据等级结构等指标,将芦苇根状茎分为3个年龄组;对不同年龄组芦苇根状茎中氮和磷含量进行了测定,并分别计算了氮磷比率和生物富集系数.结果表明,0～1 a年龄组的芦苇根状茎中氮和磷含量分别为0.700％～1.297％和0.054％～0.122％; 2～3 a年龄组的芦苇根状茎中氮和磷含量分别为0.718％～0.911％和0.063％～0.084％; ＞3 a年龄组的芦苇根状茎中氮和磷含量分别为0.460％～0.663％和0.025％～0.069％.对比年龄为0～1 a、2～3 a和＞3a的白洋淀马堡村芦苇根状茎氮和磷含量发现,总体上,随着芦苇根状茎年龄的增加,其氮和磷含量在减少.在0～100 cm土壤深度中,各年龄组的芦苇根状茎氮含量与磷含量显著相关(p＜0.05).与磷元素相比,氮元素是白洋淀马堡村芦苇生长的主要限制因子.白洋淀马堡村芦苇根状茎中的氮和磷元素的富集系数大体上随着根状茎年龄的增加而减小,这可能与不同年龄芦苇根状茎的代谢能力有关.     

空间光滑活动模型在东部海域地震危险性评价中的应用

以中国东部近海海域(25～41°N,117～126°E)为研究区域,基于区域地震构造背景和地震活跃水平等资料划分地震构造单元,依次采用基于地震目录的圆形高斯光滑模型和断层导向性的椭圆光滑模型的地震活动参数评价方法,计算各网格点的地震发生率.并利用网格源的地震危险性概率评价方法,由不同输入地震目录得到该区域50年超越概率10％的加速度峰值区划结果.