People’s perception and socioeconomic determinants of soil erosion:A case study of Samanalawewa watershed,Sri Lanka

Though soil erosion is an important concern in Sri Lanka, there is a dearth of baseline information on soil erosion in many ofits watersheds, which obstructs monitoring of soil erosion and mitigating its effects. In order to assess soil erosion in a critical watershed and to identify its determinants, the Samanalawewa watershed, which contains one of the main hydropower generating reservoirs in Sri Lanka, was selected for this study. Remote-sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) based modeling...     

Pumping-induced Well Hydraulics and Groundwater Budget in a Leaky Aquifer System with Vertical Heterogeneity in Aquitard Hydraulic Properties

In groundwater hydrology, aquitard heterogeneity is often less considered compared to aquifers, despite its significant impact on groundwater hydraulics and groundwater resources evaluation. A semi-analytical solution is derived for pumping-induced well hydraulics and groundwater budget with consideration of vertical heterogeneity in aquitard hydraulic conductivity (K) and specific storage (Ss). The proposed new solution is innovative in its partitioning of the aquitard into multiple homogeneous sub-layers to enable consideration of various forms of vertically heterogeneous K or Ss. Two scenarios of analytical investigations are explored: one is the presence of aquitard interlayers with distinct K or Ss values, a common field-scale occurrence; another is an exponentially depth-decaying aquitard Ss, a regional-scale phenomenon supported by statistical analysis. Analytical investigations reveal that a low-K interlayer can significantly increase aquifer drawdown and enhance aquifer/aquitard depletion; a high-Ss interlayer can noticeably reduce aquifer drawdown and increase aquitard depletion. Locations of low-K or high-Ss interlayers also significantly impact well hydraulics and groundwater budget. In the context of an exponentially depth-decaying aquitard Ss, a larger decay exponent can enhance aquifer drawdown. When using current models with a vertically homogeneous aquitard, half the sum of the geometric and harmonic means of exponentially depth-decaying aquitard Ss should be used to calculate aquitard depletion and unconfined aquifer leakage.     

中国825个基准、基本站地面气压系统误差的检验与订正

使用RHtest均一化方法结合元数据信息对中国825个基准、基本站的地面气压月值数据进行均一性检验与订正,结果发现有400个站的气压数据均一,425个站存在系统误差。对于后者,使用静力模式订正可消除255个站的系统误差,另外170个站采用均值订正,均值订正的断点共245个。对气候趋势和个例的分析表明,上述方法对气压数据均一化订正效果明显。均一化之后站点气压长期趋势的空间一致性更好,中国东南沿海和西北部的新疆地区气压表现出下降趋势,中部地区主要表现出上升趋势。     

Cold-region environments along the China–Russia Crude Oil Pipeline and their management

The cold-region eco-environments along the China–Russia Crude Oil Pipeline (CRCOP) in northern Northeast China are in disequilibrium due to the combined influences of pronounced climate warming and intensive anthropogenic activities. This is evidenced by the sharp areal reduction and northward shifting of the boreal forests, shrinking of wetlands, enhancing of soil erosion, accelerating degradation of permafrost and deteriorating of cold-region eco-environments. The degradation of permafrost plays an important role as an internal drive in the eco-environmental changes. Many components of the cold-region eco-environments, including frozen ground, forests, wetlands and peatlands, forest fires and "heating island effect" of rapid urbanization, are interdependent, interactive, and integrated in the boreal ecosystems. The construction and long-term operation of the CRCOP system will inevitably disturb the cold-region environments along the pipeline. Therefore, a mandatory and carefully-elaborated environmental impact statement is indispensable for the proper mitigation of the ensued adverse impacts. Proper management, effective protection and practical rehabilitation of the damaged cold-region environments are a daunting, costly and long-term commitment. The recommended measures for protection and restoration of permafrost eco-environments along the pipeline route include adequate investigation, assessment and monitoring of permafrost and cold-region environments, compliance of pipeline construction and operation codes for environmental management, proper and timely re-vegetation, returning the cultivated lands to forests and grasslands, and effective mitigation of forest fire hazards.     

Particulate matter geochemistry of a highly industrialized region in the Caribbean:Basis for future toxicological studies

Air pollution has become an important issue,especially in Caribbean urban areas,and,particulate matter(PM)emitted by different natural and anthropogenic sources causes environmental and health issues.In this work,we studied the concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 sources in an industrial and port urban area in the Caribbean region of Colombia.PM samples were collected within 48-h periods between April and October 2018 by using a Partisol 2000 i-D sampler.Elemental geochemical characterization was performed by X-ray fluorescence(XRF)analysis.Further,ionic species and black carbon(BC)were quantified by ion chromatography and reflectance spectroscopy,respectively.Using the Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF)receptor model,the contributions of PM sources were quantified.The average concentration of PM₁₀ was 46.6±16.2μg/m³,with high concentrations of Cl and Ca.For PM_2.5,the average concentration was 12.0±3.2μg/m³,and the most abundant components were BC,S,and Cl.The receptor model identified five sources for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5.For both fractions,the contributions of marine sea spray,re-suspended soil,and vehicular traffic were observed.In addition,PM_2.5 included two mixed sources were found to be fuel oil combustion with fertilizer industry emissions,and secondary aerosol sources with building construction emissions.Further,PM₁₀ was found to also include building construction emissions with re-suspended soil,and metallurgical industry emissions.These obtained geochemical atmospheric results are important for the implementation of strategies for the continuous improvement of the air quality of the Caribbean region.     

The Analysis of CO_2 Influence Factors in Tianquan Cave of Xingwen World Geopark

A Vaisala CARBOCAP Hand-Held Carbon Dioxide Meter GM70 was used to measure CO 2 concentration in Tianquan cave of Xingwen world Geopark.The study was done in Tianquan cave during July and August,2008.Data sources include the influence factors of distribution of CO 2:elevation,tourists,cross section and depth of the cave.Results indicated tourists have strong impacts on the CO 2 concentration,while no significant differences could be found among different elevation.Furthermore,significant correlation could be found among the depth of cave,the small cross section,the tourist’s construction and the CO 2 concentration.Those results indicate that the CO 2 concentration in Tianquan cave has no threat to the health of tourists.The results and the data provide a scientific basis for the protection of people’s health and the exploitation of cave tourism.     

A Study on the Effect Factors of Community Participation in Tourism:Based on the Logistic Regression Analysis of Xingwen World Geopark

In order to find out the factors which influence community participation in tourism,several effect factors are summed up through the investigation of the local residents and the analysis of the logistic regression of the data gained from Xingwen world Geopark.Results indicated there are several main influencing factors of community participation such as the comparative benefit of tourist industry,participant residents’ subjective wishes,preference consciousness of working opportunity obtainment in the tourist enterprise and participant skills.Based on above investigation data and field travel,the paper put forward several methods about how to enhance the residents’ participant degree:increasing the comparative benefit of tourist industry,enhancing the attraction of tourism for boosting participant wishes,improving the preference consciousness on obtaining working opportunity in tourism industry and cultivating residents’ participant skills through training.     

龙门山彭县-灌县断裂的活动构造与地表破裂

2008年5月12日在龙门山发生了8.0级特大地震,彭县-灌县断裂亦发生了同震地表破裂.在前期对龙门山活动构造研究的基础上,汶川特大地震发生后,在灾区进行了多次的野外调查和国际合作考察,重点对汶川地震的地表破裂和地质灾害开展了详细的详细野外地质填图,利用全站仪和GPS对地表破裂进行了精确的测量,研究了的地表破裂地貌错位、构造组合和运动学,已实地测得地表破裂数据70余组(其中彭县-灌县断裂地表破裂数据20余组).文章以彭县-灌县断裂地表破裂为切入点,在彭县-灌县断裂的关键部位开展了详细的野外地貌测量,主要测量了彭州磁峰、白鹿、绵竹金花和汉旺等地的地表破裂,标定了彭县-灌县断裂破裂带的垂向断距和水平断距,结果表明该地表破裂南西起于彭州磁峰,向北东延伸经白鹿、绵竹金花至绵竹汉旺,全长约40～50km.地表破裂带沿彭县-灌县断裂带的走向断续分布,单个破裂长度在几米到500余米不等,破裂带切割了多种类型的地貌单元,包括山脉基岩、河流阶地、冲洪积扇、公路、桥梁等,同时也使道路发生拱曲、破坏和桥梁垮塌或移位.其以脆性破裂为特征,以逆冲一右旋走滑为特点,断面倾角较陡,北西盘为上升盘,南东盘为下降盘,垂直位错介于0.39～2.70m之间,水平位错介于0.20～0.70m,平均垂直位错为1.6m,平均水平位错为0.6m;地表最大错动量的地点位于彭州白鹿镇,其中最大垂直断错为2.7±0.2m,最大水平断错为0.7±0.2m.垂直位错与水平位错量之间的比值为2:1,表明该地震地表破裂带不仅存在逆冲运动分量和右旋走滑运动分量,而且逆冲运动分量大于右旋走滑运动分量,显示了彭县-灌县断裂破裂带具有以逆冲和缩短作用为主、右旋走滑作用为辅的破裂性质.其与映秀-北川断裂带的地表破裂相比较,该断裂的地表破裂程度远小于映秀-北川断裂带的地表破裂程度,主要表现在地表破裂的长度较短,垂直位错和水平位错也相对较小,而且为以逆冲作用为主.初步研究结果表明,彭县-灌县断裂与映秀-北川断裂地表破裂的平面组合样式显示为两条在平面上近于平行的北东向地表破裂带,其间由一条南北向的次级地表破裂带(小鱼洞断裂)将它们相连结,地下破裂面的剖面组合样式显示为叠瓦状,并在汶川地震震源附近或震源的上方相连的,是同"根"的.     

Features of Late Cenozoic Deepwater Sedimentation in Southern Qiongdongnan Basin,Northwestern South China Sea

Based on high resolution 2D and 3D seismic data acquired in recent years,using sequence stratigraphy analysis and geophysical methods,we discuss the features of Late Cenozoic deepwater sedimentation in the southern Qiongdongnan (琼东南) basin.The study area entered a bathyal slope environment in the Miocene.The channel developed in the Sanya (三亚) Formation was controlled by a fault break,and its shingled seismic characteristics represent multiple erosion and fill,which may indicate that turbidite current developed in the slope environment.The polygon faults found in mudstone of the Meishan (梅山) Formation represent the deepwater hungry sedimentary environment.The large-scale channels developed on the top of HuangUu (黄流) Formation could be the result of a big sea level drop and an increase of sediment supply.The fantastic turbidite channel developed in Late Quaternary in the slope environment has "fan-like" body and long frontal tiny avuision channel The analysis of these features suggests that the sediment supply of the study area in the post-rifting period was dominant from the Vietnam uplift in the southwest.These deepwater sedimentary features could be potential reservoirs or migration pathways for deepwater petroleum systems.     

Does Manila clam cultivation affect habitats of the engineer species Lanice conchilega (Pallas, 1766)?

The major French site of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams and Reeves, 1850) cultivation is located in the Chausey Archipelago where the associated practices are highly mechanized: every steps of production are made with tractor-driven machinery. The Manila clam concessions are concentrated on Lanice conchilega (Pallas, 1766) bioherms, which are known to increase alpha-diversity and to locally modify sediment dynamics. This study focus on the impacts of Manila clam cultivation on (i) the natural populations of L. conchilega and on (ii) the structure of the associated benthic assemblages during the different steps of the farming production cycle. We found that the L. conchilega populations are significantly affected within the concessions where their total abundances drastically decrease, their spatial patterns are modified and the associated benthic assemblages are significantly altered. Our results are discussed in a context of a sustainable management of the Manila clam cultivation in coastal areas.