Some Effects of Rotation Rate on Planetary-Scale Wave Flows

A series of experiments were performed in a rotating annulus of fluid to study effects of rotation rate on planeta-ry-scale baroclinic wave flows. The experiments reveal that change in rotation rate of fluid container causes variation in Rossby number and Taylor number in flows and leads to change in flow patterns and in phase and amplitude of quasi-stationary waves. For instance, with increasing rotation rate, amplitude of quasi-stationary waves increases and phase shifts upstream. On the contrary, with decreasing rotation rate, amplitude of quasi-stationary waves decreases and phase shifts downstream. In the case of the earth’s atmosphere, although magnitude of variation in earth’s rotation rate is very small, yet it causes a very big change in zonal velocity component of wind in the atmosphere and of currents in the ocean, and therefore causes a remarkable change in Rossby number and Taylor number deter-mining regimes in planetary-scale geophysical flows. The observation reveals that intensity and geographic location of subtropic anticyclones in both of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres change consistently with the variation in earth’s rotation rale. The results of fluid experiments are consistent, qualitatively, with observed phenomena in the atmospheric circulation.     

MODELING SEDIMENT PROCESSES ON SMALL WATERSHEDS: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Ⅱ. CONCENTRATED FLOW PROCESSES

L INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this paper is to present a general modeling framework that can serveas a conceptual basis for developing sediment process models by concentrated flow systems on small watersheds. A survey of fundamental principles for developing sedimentprocess models is made with particular emphasis on the effects of space and time averaging on the governing equations. Starting from the most general one--dimensional,unsteady model of sediment processes, simpler model structur…     

氢在橄榄石中的溶解度

氢能够显著地影响岩石的物理性质,如岩石的流变等.它能赋存于通常不含水的矿物中,如上地幔的橄榄石.为了解上地幔的物理性质和地球化学过程,测量氢在橄榄石中的溶解度是非常重要的.在     

STANDARD ERRORS IN THE EIGENVALUES OF A CROSS-PRODUCT MATRIX:THEORY AND APPLICATIONS

New expressions are derived for the standard errors in the eigenvalues of a cross-product matrix by themethod of error propagation.Cross-product matrices frequently arise in multivariate data analysis,especially in principal component analysis (PCA).The derived standard errors account for the variabilityin the data as a result of measurement noise and are therefore essentially different from the standarderrors developed in multivariate statistics.Those standard errors were derived in order to account for thefinite number of observations on a fixed number of variables,the so-called sampling error.They can beused for making inferences about the population eigenvalues.Making inferences about the populationeigenvalues is often not the purposes of PCA in physical sciences,This is particularly true if themeasurements are performed on an analytical instrument that produces two-dimensional arrays for onechemical sample:the rows and columns of such a data matrix cannot be identified with observations onvariables at all.However,PCA can still be used as a general data reduction technique,but now the effectof measurement noise on the standard errors in the eigenvalues has to be considered.The consequencesfor significance testing of the eigenvalues as well as the usefulness for error estimates for scores andloadings of PCA,multiple linear regression (MLR) and the generalized rank annihilation method(GRAM) are discussed.The adequacy of the derived expressions is tested by Monte Carlo simulations.     

南卡罗来纳州黑尔(Haile)金矿中的热液钾长石

0 引言黑尔金矿位于南卡罗来州Lancaster县Kershaw镇附近。该矿在19世纪20年代修排水渠时被发现,接着就开始了金的生产。1880年开始地下开采,在1888～1908年问进行了大规模的开采。生产断断续续直到二次世界大战前为止,黄金的产量估计为275000盎司。1985年又从地表工作开始恢复黄金生产。黑尔金矿产出在前寒武—寒武纪卡罗来纳板岩带的变质火山岩中,是一个小型的浸染状金矿床。板岩带普遍为低级绿片岩带,这个带至少包含两个沉积旋回。每个旋回由变火山     

花岗岩-天然水溶液相互作用时锶同位素标记的地球化学模型

为了测定天然水溶液与具有一定锶含量和~(87)Sr/(86)Sr 特征的造岩矿物相互作用体系中溶液和次生矿物的同位素特征,对 Kindis 地球化学程序已进行了扩展。花岗岩-稀水溶液相互作用的模拟显示了非常有意义的结果,表现为起初~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr 比值迅速增高(几天时间内从0.710增加到约0.740),经长时间(数月至几年)其值又降低到0.710甚至更低。这些值与从天然风化体系中获得的数据相一致。本文还对25℃到100℃的增温效应进行了讨论。在这些模拟中清楚地阐明了将热力学与动力学方法结合起来融进地球化学模型的必要性。     

化学活动性流体在断裂带变形中的作用

三轴变形实验表明,室温下有化学流体(pH=10)参与的石英质断层泥的变形强度是其在干体系变形强度的44％。实验样品浸泡(完全浸湿)于有效围压10MPa、常量位移速率10~(-4)S~(-1)的NaCl溶液中。应变强度的降低与广泛的显微断裂有关。化学活动性流体的影响是降低石英的破碎强度(与干体系相比)。并且粉状物质的摩擦强度也降低。目前人们在含有方解石矿化作用的自然断裂带研究中发现一系列上述作用,但存在着争论。在这些实例中,唯独矿化作用沿断裂带分布并受断裂带控制。断裂在矿化好的地段宽达1m,而在弱矿化或未矿化的地段宽仅为几厘米。在所有实例中,方解石都是主要的矿物。     

与顺时针P-T-t轨迹有关的造山运动:来自于太古代、元古代和显生宙造山带的证据

造山运动以沉积、变形、变质及岩浆活动等相互作用为特征。无论是在同一造山旋回或下一个旋回期间,它都会使沉积盆地发生构造倒置、造山以及变质带的最终剥蚀。利用温度和压力峰值的相对计时,可以区分两个不同类型的造山带,这可通过变质带内的变质岩石予以恢复。以顺时针P-T-t轨迹为特征的造山带,压力峰值先于温度峰值,并且变质顶峰通常晚于变质带的早期变形。与此相反,以逆时针P-T-t轨迹为特征的造山带,     

气象中心地面观测报告的质量控制法

1.引言过去评价短期(当前)气候状况主要是依据由1200多个指定测站每月资料组成的陆地测站地面月平均及总量报告(CLIMAT).与农业、能源及水资源有关的一些部门要求比CLIMAT报告提供的资料更近期的信息,为满足这一迫切需要,目前正在应用由全球