建筑物对城市通风自净能力影响的数值试验

应用城市气候数值模式，分别计算了三栋6层住宅楼和一栋20层住宅楼两类建筑形式影响下的风场，以及在此风场中街道汽车尾气的浓度分布。计算结果表明在总建筑面积基本相同的情况下，高层建筑周围环境的通风自净能力要优于多层建筑。     

分布式水文-土壤-植被模式的改进及气候水文Off-line模拟试验

文中对引进的高分辨率 (94 2 .5m× 94 2 .5m)分布式水文 土壤 植被模式 (DHSVM) ,针对海、滦河流域的特点进行了改进 ,主要包括 :(1)改变蒸散发模拟方法 ,用改进的Penman Monteith模式模拟海滦河流域的蒸发 ,较好地模拟出 1a内的两个峰值 ,最大值出现在 4～ 6月 ,次大值出现在 7～ 8月 ;(2 )改变水文模式结构 ,用多站点气候观测资料内插到模式网格点 ,充分实现了分布式水文模拟 ;(3)发展新的水文、植被、土壤参数化方案 ,对 33个参数分区计算和确定 ,并重点对土壤孔隙度 φ、土壤蓄水能力θfc、叶面指数LAI、随机阻抗γs 等 11个参数进行调试和修订 ,提高了水文模拟精度。用改进的DHSVM模式分别对滦河、桑干河流域蒸散发、地下水位、土壤湿度、土壤水下渗、产流、汇流与径流等水文过程进行Off line模拟试验 ,模拟结果与实测值一致性较好 ,滦河流域 1979～ 1991年、桑干河流域 1979～ 1987年水文模拟效率系数分别为 0 .89和 0 .82 ,均高于国内其他相关研究     

夏季自然水体与大气界面间气态总汞的交换通量

利用动力学通量箱法与高时间分辨率大气测汞仪的联用技术, 在瑞典西南的Kristineberg海洋观测站(KMRS)和Knobesholm的Hovgårdsån河分别测定了夏季海水和河水表面与大气间汞的交换通量. 在夏季, 河水和海水都是大气汞的源. 河水和海水表面与大气间汞的交换通量在夏季具有一致的昼夜变化规律, 白天由水体向大气排汞且在正午达到最大值; 夜间排汞量相对较小且有时会出现大气汞向水体沉降. 河水与大气间汞的交换通量与光照强度呈线性正相关关系, 与大气相对湿度呈线性负相关性, 同时还与水体温度存在指数相关性. 海水与大气间汞交换通量只与光照强度存在良好的线性正相关关系. 水体中溶解态气汞的过饱和是水体汞向大气释放的驱动力.     

黄河上游阿尼玛卿山区冰川波动与气候变化

以黄河上游阿尼玛卿山的冰川为研究对象, 通过应用航空相片、卫星遥感影像、地形图和数字高程模型(DEM), 分析了末次冰盛期、小冰期、自1966年及2000年的冰川范围及变化情况. 结果表明, 末次冰盛期的冰川范围是现代冰川的3.1倍; 小冰期以来, 冰川已经开始退缩, 尤其在1966-2000年期间退缩有加速趋势. 介绍了一种提取冰川雪线高度的方法, 并根据现代气候数据, 探讨了研究时段雪线高度上的夏季平均气温变化趋势. 结果表明, 末次冰盛期时, 雪线下降了420 m左右, 相应的夏季平均气温比现代低1.9 ℃, 小冰期盛时夏季平均气温比现代低0.6 ℃.     

Effects of the Indo-China Peninsula Heat Fluxes on the 1998 South China Sea Summer Monsoon

1. IntroductionBecause the South China Sea (SCS) is one of theregions where the Asian summer monsoon onset oc-curs earliest, the SCS summer monsoon (SCSSM) hasalways been a research focus, especially in recent yearswith the implementation of the SCS Monsoon Exper-iment (SCSMEX) (e.g., Tao and Chen, 1987; Changand Chen, 1995; Lau et al., 2000; Ding and Li, 1999;Ding and Liu, 2001; Li and Wu, 2000; Xie et al., 1998;Zhang et al., 2004). Climatologically, the SCSSM on-set is a rem…     

A Possible Long-tailed Bird with a Pygostyle from the Late Mesozoic Yixian Formation, Western Liaoning, China

AbstractAn incomplete caudal vertebral series (IVPP Vl1309) from the Yixian Formation of late MesozoicJianshangou area of Beipiao, western Liaoning Province, may represent a new bird. The tail is composed of at least 12 free caudal vertebrae and the most distal 5 caudal vertebrae co-ossified into a pygostyle. The pygostyle is plate-like and slightly curved dorsally. The anterior free caudals are amphiplatyan. The anterior caudal surfaces of the last three free caudals are concave, but their posterior articular surfaces are convex. The pygostyle is regarded as the first appeared flight apparatus during the evolutionary process from Archaeopteryx to neornithes. The pygostyle appeared in most early fossil birds and almost all the modem birds. Although their morphologies are different, they are basically formed by at least four last caudal vertebrae. The specimen V11309 is regarded as a bird rather than a non-avian theropod dinosaur based on the following characters: short caudal vertebrae, numerous pits present on the surfaces of the centra and, a foramen present between the basal part of the fused neural spines, which is similar to that of Struthio camelus. The discoveries of pygostyles from the therizinosauroids and oviraptorosaurs may provide strong evidence for supporting the origin of birds from small theropod dinosaurs. The structure of the pygostyle in specimen Vl1309 is different from those of Beipiaosaurus (Therizinosauroid) and Nomingia (oviraptorosaur). The most parsimonious interpretation is that these pygostyle-like structures are independently acquired by Beipiaosaurus and Nomingia during their evolutionary process.     

生活在不平静的行星上的计划设立美国航空航天局的固体地球研究议程

现在和未来20年固体地球科学所面临的最大挑战是什么?而对美国国家航空航天局(NASA)来说，在与其他机构合作时，什么又是解决这些挑战的最好途径呢?一份《在不平静的行星上生活》的新报告，为回答这些问题提供了一份蓝图。根据这份报告，未来5年，固体地球科学领域最优先的一次新的宇宙飞船飞行行动是发射一颗干涉测量合成孔径雷达(inSAR)卫星。在NASA的要求下，固体地球科学工作组(SESWG)为太空机构未来25年固体地球科学的最优先目标制定了一个战略。该战略提出6个挑战，它们都具有基础科学的重要性，对社会有着重要意义并且能够通过在太空进行一系列共同的科学观测而取得实质性的进展。成功应对这些挑战将有赖于在其他的NASA计划方面与许多美国联邦机构以及国际合作伙伴之间进行密切合作和协作。固体地球科学工作组提出的计划分为5个观测方面，每一方面都将面对众多的科学挑战：陆地表面的形变、高分辨率地形和地形的变化、地球磁场的变异性、地球重力场的变异性以及地球变化表面的成像光谱。该工作组的评议工作已进行了两年(2000～2002年)，包括与广泛的地球物理学团体之间进行卓有成效的对话。AGU2000年秋季和2001年春季会议的代表帮助达成了广泛的共识，并设立了网站，用于给出委员会的进展报告并邀请所有感兴趣的人士反馈意见。由华盛顿卡内基研究所的Solomon任主席的固体地球科学工作组由19位代表组成，分别来自大学、研究机构、美国航空航天局和美国地质调查局。总报告可以在http：／／solidearth．jpl．nasa．gov上找到。     

Methods for Calculation of Geogenetic Depth

Some current methods for the calculation of the geogenetic depth are based on the hydrostatic model, it is induced that the depth in certain underground place is equal to the pressure divided by the specific weight of rock, on the assumption that the rock is hydrostatic and overlain by no other force but gravity. However, most of rock is in a deformation environment and non-hydrostatic state, especially in an orogenic belt, so that the calculated depth may be exaggerated in comparison with the actual depth according to the hydrostatic formula. In the finite slight deformation and elastic model, the relative actual depth value from the 3-axis strain data was obtained with the measurement of strain including that of superimposed tectonic forces but excluding that of time factor for the strain. If some data on the strain speed are obtained, the depth would be more realistically calculated according to the rheologicai model because the geological body often experiences long-term creep strains.     

Effects of Tectonic Force on Hydrostatic Pressure in Crust

The research into the hydrostatic pressure in the crust has been previously conducted from the viewpoint that the hydrostatic pressure is equal to the gravity, based on the fact that the hydrostatic pressure is derived mainly from the gravity of its overlying rocks. In this paper, the stress state of any point in the crust is suggested to have been caused by both the gravity and the tectonic force. The author proposes that the hydrostatic pressure is a combination or superposition of two isotropic stresses in the tectonic force and gravity stress fields. The results obtained with a finite-element simulation indicate that the additional hydrostatic pressure borne by rocks decreases gradually from the compression zone (pc^s),the shear zone (psh^s) to the tensile zone (pt^s), and that the difference in the additional tectonic hydrostatic pressure between these deformed zones tends to increase, following the increase in the absolute value and/or the difference in external forces between different directions. This paper presents the foundation for the research into the tectonic physicochemistry.