Über die Natur des Sedimentgleichgewichtes im Litoral

Zusammenfassung Unter Beachtung der Fortschritte der modernen Brandungsforschung sowie neuerer Beobachtungsergebnisse im Litoral erscheint die vonCornaglia entwickelte Theorie der neutralen Linie, die das einzelne Sedimentkorn isoliert in Ansatz brachte, unhaltbar. An ihre Stelle tritt die den tatsächlichen Verhältnissen besser Rechnung tragende Theorie des «Massenmomentes» der brandenden Wellen, die nicht mehr das einzelne Korn, sondern die gesamte unter der Einwirkung der Oszillation entstehende Suspensionswolke betrachtet. Die Vorteile dieser neuen Betrachtungsweise werden kurz skizziert und an Hand einiger Beispiele näher erläutert.

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Summary With respect to the attainments of the modern surf phenomena research and based on new results of observations in the littoral zone the theory of the neutral line, developed byCornaglia, which looked upon the wave-moved grain as an isolated individual, is no longer useful. In its place the better theory of the surging wave's «momentum of mass» is set, which considers the whole cloud of material whirled up by the oscillatory undulation near the bottom. The advantages of this new consideration are shortly sketched and particularly illustrated by means of some examples.

     

Die Temperatur in Grönlandischen Inlandeis

Zusammenfassung Auf Grund der Temperaturmessungen in Schächten 1930/31 und Bohrungen 1948/1951, die berichtigt wurden, wird die wahrscheinlichste Temperaturverteilung in Inlandeis gewonnen.

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Summary The measurements of temperature in holes 1930/1931 and the (corrected) measurements of the temperature in drilled holes 1948/1951 are used, to construct the distribution of the temperature in the inlandice of Greenland.

     

Die östliche Fortsetzung des Kaukasus

Ohne ZusammenfassungDie älteren Arbeiten sind nur dann angeführt, wenn sie im Text genannt sind; weitere Literatur siehe in den Verzeichnissen bei den jüngeren Arbeiten.Die russischen Orts- und Verfassernamen sind in deutschen Lautwerten umschrieben mit sh==franz. j.     

The metamorphic evolution of garnet-cordierite-sillimanite-gneisses of the Gruf-Complex,Eastern Pennine Alps

Metapelitic gneisses occuring as lenses and bands within the migmatites of the Gruf-Complex in the eastern Pennine Alps contain various combinations of the minerals quartz, biotite, cordierite, garnet, sillimanite, plagioclase. K-feldspar, spinel, orthopyroxene, anthophyllite and muscovite. The most common rock type is represented by a darkschistosebiotiterichcordierite-garnet-sillimanite-gneiss. A consistent pressure-temperature range of 3–4 kb and 600–650° C has been calculated for the last metamorphic equilibration from six geological thermobarometers. However, from textural evidence it may be concluded that the rocks were at both higher temperatures and pressures prior to the PT-conditions calculated from thermobarometry. Although the maximum conditions reached are unknown and earlier stages are poorly preserved it is suggested that they coincide with the maximum conditions deduced from rare occurrences of sapphirine granulite in the Gruf-Complex. These are 10 kb and 800° C (Droop and Bucher 1983). Sillimanite+K-feldspar, orthopyroxene+quartz, spinel+quartz and garnet-K-feldspar persisting in rocks with low activity of H₂O are strong evidence for this. The H₂O required to make the observed high degree of equilibration at 3–4 kb and 600–650° C possible was presumably released by crystallizing migmatitic melts present in the quartzo-feldspathic gneisses of the Gruf-Complex. Further evidence comes from the PT-coordinates of the H₂O-saturated muscovite granite solidus which coincides with the high temperature limits of inferred equilibration above and which the rocks must have crossed along the decompression and cooling path during their metamorphic evolution.     

A GIS-Coupled Hydrological Model System for the Watershed Assessment of Agricultural Nonpoint and Point Sources of Pollution

This paper introduces AVSWAT, a GIS based hydrological system linking the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) water quality model and ArcView“ Geographic Information System software. The main purpose of AVSWAT is the combined assess‐ment of nonpoint and point pollution loading at the watershed scale. The GIS component of the system, in addition to the traditional functions of data acquisition, storage, organization and display, implements advanced analytical methods with enhanced flexibility to improve the hydrological characterization of a study watershed. Intuitive user friendly graphic interfaces, also part of the GIS component, have been developed to provide an efficient interaction with the model and the associated parameter databases, and ultimately to simplify water quality assessments, while maintaining and increasing their reliability. This is also supported by SWAT, the core of the system, a complex, conceptual, hydrologic, continuous model with spatially explicit parameterization, building upon the United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) modeling experience. A step‐by‐step example application for a watershed in Central Texas is also included to verify the capability and illustrate some of the characteristics of the system which has been adopted by many users around the world.