全文获取类型
收费全文 | 903篇 |
免费 | 23篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 28篇 |
大气科学 | 45篇 |
地球物理 | 259篇 |
地质学 | 308篇 |
海洋学 | 86篇 |
天文学 | 129篇 |
综合类 | 2篇 |
自然地理 | 72篇 |
出版年
2019年 | 6篇 |
2018年 | 14篇 |
2017年 | 17篇 |
2016年 | 18篇 |
2015年 | 15篇 |
2014年 | 27篇 |
2013年 | 37篇 |
2012年 | 21篇 |
2011年 | 31篇 |
2010年 | 28篇 |
2009年 | 36篇 |
2008年 | 37篇 |
2007年 | 29篇 |
2006年 | 31篇 |
2005年 | 19篇 |
2004年 | 20篇 |
2003年 | 19篇 |
2002年 | 22篇 |
2001年 | 21篇 |
2000年 | 12篇 |
1999年 | 22篇 |
1998年 | 19篇 |
1997年 | 15篇 |
1995年 | 10篇 |
1994年 | 12篇 |
1993年 | 11篇 |
1992年 | 9篇 |
1991年 | 13篇 |
1990年 | 20篇 |
1989年 | 11篇 |
1988年 | 11篇 |
1987年 | 12篇 |
1986年 | 7篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 13篇 |
1983年 | 16篇 |
1982年 | 18篇 |
1981年 | 19篇 |
1980年 | 18篇 |
1979年 | 10篇 |
1978年 | 8篇 |
1977年 | 7篇 |
1976年 | 9篇 |
1974年 | 8篇 |
1973年 | 7篇 |
1968年 | 6篇 |
1965年 | 6篇 |
1962年 | 7篇 |
1953年 | 8篇 |
1949年 | 11篇 |
排序方式: 共有929条查询结果,搜索用时 328 毫秒
231.
A one‐dimensional energy and mass balance snow model (SNTHERM) has been modified for use with supraglacial snowpacks and applied to a point on Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland. It has been adapted to incorporate the underlying glacier ice and a site‐specific, empirically derived albedo routine. Model performance was tested against continuous measurements of snow depth and meltwater outflow from the base of the snowpack, and intermittent measurements of surface albedo and snowpack density profiles collected during the 1993 and 2000 melt seasons. Snow and ice ablation was simulated accurately. The timing of the daily pattern of meltwater outflow was well reproduced, although magnitudes were generally underestimated, possibly indicating preferential flow into the snowpack lysimeter. The model was used to assess the quantity of meltwater stored temporally within the unsaturated snowpack and meltwater percolation rates, which were found to be in agreement with dye tracer experiments undertaken on this glacier. As with other energy balance studies on alpine valley glaciers, the energy available for melt was dominated by net radiation (64%), with a sizable contribution from sensible heat flux (36%) and with a negligible latent heat flux overall, although there was more complex temporal variation on diurnal timescales. A basic sensitivity analysis indicated that melt rates were most sensitive to radiation, air temperature and snowpack density, indicating the need to accurately extrapolate/interpolate these variables when developing a spatially distributed framework for this model. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
232.
233.
Satellite laser ranging to GPS and GLONASS 总被引:5,自引:4,他引:1
234.
D. Arnold M. Meindl G. Beutler R. Dach S. Schaer S. Lutz L. Prange K. Sośnica L. Mervart A. Jäggi 《Journal of Geodesy》2015,89(8):775-791
235.
To efficiently simulate the advection-diffusion processes along and across density surfaces, we need to deal with a diffusivity tensor containing off-diagonal elements (Redi, J Phys Oceanogr, 12:1154–1158, 1982). In the present paper, the Lagrangian model, in case of a space-varying diffusivity tensor, is developed. This random walk model is applied for two idealized test cases for which the analytical solutions are known. Results of the testing show that the Lagrangian approach provides accurate and effective solutions of advection-diffusion problems for general diffusivity tensor. 相似文献
236.
Fabrizio Antonioli Luigi Ferranti Kurt Lambeck Steve Kershaw Vladimiro Verrubbi Giuseppe Dai Pra 《Tectonophysics》2006,422(1-4):23-40
A combination of published and new radiometric dates on uplifted Holocene fossil beaches from northeastern Sicily and southern Calabria (southern Italy) is compared with the altitude of the inner margin of the Last Interglacial (LIg) (Late Pleistocene, 124 ka) and older marine terraces in order to gain a regional-scale outline of uplift rates and their temporal changes in a region which is one of the fastest uplifting sectors of the Central Mediterranean Sea. Late Holocene radiocarbon dates from Ioppolo (southern Calabria) and Ganzirri (northeast Sicily), two newly discovered sites are here presented for the first time. The Holocene uplift rates are highest at St. Alessio and Taormina in eastern Sicily (2.4 mm/y) and at Scilla in southwestern Calabria (2.1 mm/y), two sites located across the Messina Straits and which separate the island of Sicily from mainland Italy. Uplift rates decrease towards the south and north from this centre of uplift. Late Holocene uplift rates show an apparent increase of between 64 and 124% when compared with the longer-term uplift rates calculated from the LIg highstand terraces. Furthermore, we discovered that the locations of fastest Late Pleistocene and Late Holocene uplift rates spatially coincide. To what extent the Holocene increase in uplift rates results from incomplete elastic strain release along the major extensional faults which frame the seismotectonic of the area, or indicate a true change in regional tectonic processes, is not resolved. Nonetheless, the heterogeneity of uplift, with a well-defined centre that crosses the Messina Straits, and its persistence at different time-scales indicates a tight connection between wider regional processes and fault-related displacement in controlling crustal instability in this area. 相似文献
237.
Markus Tum Franziska Strauss Ian McCallum Kurt Günther Erwin Schmid 《Carbon balance and management》2012,7(1):1-13
Background
Accurate, high-resolution mapping of aboveground carbon density (ACD, Mg C ha-1) could provide insight into human and environmental controls over ecosystem state and functioning, and could support conservation and climate policy development. However, mapping ACD has proven challenging, particularly in spatially complex regions harboring a mosaic of land use activities, or in remote montane areas that are difficult to access and poorly understood ecologically. Using a combination of field measurements, airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and satellite data, we present the first large-scale, high-resolution estimates of aboveground carbon stocks in Madagascar.Results
We found that elevation and the fraction of photosynthetic vegetation (PV) cover, analyzed throughout forests of widely varying structure and condition, account for 27-67% of the spatial variation in ACD. This finding facilitated spatial extrapolation of LiDAR-based carbon estimates to a total of 2,372,680 ha using satellite data. Remote, humid sub-montane forests harbored the highest carbon densities, while ACD was suppressed in dry spiny forests and in montane humid ecosystems, as well as in most lowland areas with heightened human activity. Independent of human activity, aboveground carbon stocks were subject to strong physiographic controls expressed through variation in tropical forest canopy structure measured using airborne LiDAR.Conclusions
High-resolution mapping of carbon stocks is possible in remote regions, with or without human activity, and thus carbon monitoring can be brought to highly endangered Malagasy forests as a climate-change mitigation and biological conservation strategy. 相似文献238.
S. Masson K.-L. Klein R. Bütikofer E. Flückiger V. Kurt B. Yushkov S. Krucker 《Solar physics》2009,257(2):305-322
The origin of relativistic solar protons during large flare/CME events has not been uniquely identified so far. We perform
a detailed comparative analysis of the time profiles of relativistic protons detected by the worldwide network of neutron
monitors at Earth with electromagnetic signatures of particle acceleration in the solar corona during the large particle event
of 20 January 2005. The intensity – time profile of the relativistic protons derived from the neutron monitor data indicates
two successive peaks. We show that microwave, hard X-ray, and γ-ray emissions display several episodes of particle acceleration within the impulsive flare phase. The first relativistic
protons detected at Earth are accelerated together with relativistic electrons and with protons that produce pion-decay γ rays during the second episode. The second peak in the relativistic proton profile at Earth is accompanied by new signatures
of particle acceleration in the corona within ≈1R
⊙ above the photosphere, revealed by hard X-ray and microwave emissions of low intensity and by the renewed radio emission
of electron beams and of a coronal shock wave. We discuss the observations in terms of different scenarios of particle acceleration
in the corona. 相似文献
239.
The Paleozoic of Graz is an isolated nappe complex of about 1,500 km2 size and belongs to the Austroalpine units of the eastern European Alps. Despite more than 500 publications on stratigraphy,
paleontology and local structure, many aspects of the internal geometry of this complex as a whole remained unclear. In this
contribution, we present integrated geological profiles through the entire nappe complex. Based on these profiles, we present
(1) a simplified lithological subdivision into 13 rock associations, (2) a modified tectonostratigraphy where we consider
only two major tectonic units: an upper and a lower nappe system and in which we abandon the traditionally used facies nappe
concept, and (3) a modified paleogeography for the whole complex. Finally, we discuss whether the internal deformation of
the Paleozoic of Graz is of Variscan or Eo-Alpine age and which of the published models best explain the tectonic evolution
of the Paleozoic of Graz. 相似文献
240.
Kurt Lambeck Anthony Purcell Nicholas. C. Flemming Claudio Vita-Finzi Abdullah M. Alsharekh Geoffrey N. Bailey 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2011,30(25-26):3542-3574
The history of sea level within the Red Sea basin impinges on several areas of research. For archaeology and prehistory, past sea levels of the southern sector define possible pathways of human dispersal out of Africa. For tectonics, the interglacial sea levels provide estimates of rates for vertical tectonics. For global sea level studies, the Red Sea sediments contain a significant record of changing water chemistry with implications on the mass exchange between oceans and ice sheets during glacial cycles. And, because of its geometry and location, the Red Sea provides a test laboratory for models of glacio-hydro-isostasy. The Red Sea margins contain incomplete records of sea level for the Late Holocene, for the Last Glacial Maximum, for the Last Interglacial and for earlier interglacials. These are usually interpreted in terms of tectonics and ocean volume changes but it is shown here that the glacio-hydro-isostatic process is an additional important component with characteristic spatial variability. Through an iterative analysis of the Holocene and interglacial evidence a separation of the tectonic, isostatic and eustatic contributions is possible and we present a predictive model for palaeo-shorelines and water depths for a time interval encompassing the period proposed for migrations of modern humans out of Africa. Principal conclusions include the following. (i) Late Holocene sea level signals evolve along the length of the Red Sea, with characteristic mid-Holocene highstands not developing in the central part. (ii) Last Interglacial sea level signals are also location dependent and, in the absence of tectonics, are not predicted to occur more than 1–2 m above present sea level. (iii) For both periods, Red Sea levels at ‘expected far-field’ elevations are not necessarily indicative of tectonic stability and the evidence points to a long-wavelength tectonic uplift component along both the African and Arabian northern and central sides of the Red Sea. (iv) The observational evidence is consistent with tectonic and isostatic processes both operating over the past 300,000 years without requiring changes in the time averaged (over a few thousand years) tectonic rates. (v) Recent bathymetric data for the Bab al Mandab region have been compiled to confirm the location and depth of the sill controlling flow in and out of the Red Sea. Throughout the last 400,000 years the Red Sea has remained open to the Gulf of Aden with cross sectional areas at times of glacial maxima about 2% of that today. (vi) The minimum channel widths connecting the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden at times of lowstand occur south of the Hanish Sill. The channels are less than 4 km wide and remain narrow for as long as local sea levels are below ?50 m. This occurs for a number of sustained periods during the last two glacial cycles and earlier. (vii) Periods suitable for crossing between Africa and Arabia without requiring seaworthy boats or seafaring skills occurred periodically throughout the Pleistocene, particularly at times of favourable environmental climatic conditions that occurred during times of sea level lowstand. 相似文献