Normalization algorithms of Hamiltonian near an equilibrium point

Algorithms of linear and nonlinear normalization of a Hamiltonian system near an equilibrium point are described. They were applied to determination of stability libration point in photogravitational restricted problem and to refinement of periodic orbits in the restricted three body problem.     

Russian cross-border shopping tourists in the Finnish and Polish borderlands

Cross-border shopping and tourism are worldwide phenomena, appearing at any border with at least some degree of permeability. The authors investigate the range of cross-border shopping and tourism activities practised by Russians at two of the EU’s external borders, one between Finland and the Leningrad Oblast, and the other between Poland and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast. The study is based on research conducted in the Polish–Russian and Finnish–Russian border regions between 2013 and 2015, when the authors held interviews, administered survey questionnaires, and engaged in participant observation. The information was supplemented with data from the Finnish and Polish Border Guard services. Based on the results of the fieldwork, the authors argue that cross-border shopping and tourism are often combined during the same trip, and thus constitute a specific form of cross-border activity. Their study sheds light on how cross-border shopping tourism depends on and is interconnected with more than just the factor of the non-availability of goods and services. They conclude that cross-border shopping at the Polish–Russian border and the Finnish–Russian border has become more like a Western European practice, namely shopping for pleasure.     

Anomalous induction in the Carpathians

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A substantial part of this paper was presented at the IAGA symposium Relations between External and Internal Magnetic Variations, XVI. IUGG General Assembly, August–September 1975, Grenoble.     

Demographic aspects of urbanization

Urban growth and urbanization can be defined, measured and studied in a variety of ways but there is little doubt that the demographic dimension is of paramount importance for both the general public and interested scholars. It seem appropriate that this aspect should be given a particular attention during the symposium organized during the International Geographical Congress as well as a special publication resulting therefrom. The present assay attempts to discuss the demographic issues at a very high level of generalization. The basic data used were derived from the latest UN estimates.