Relation between changes in foF2 and hmF2 within various time intervals

The relation between the critical frequency foF2 and F2-layer height hmF2 is considered for ten ionospheric stations in the periods before and after 1980. It is shown that in the earlier period the relation between foF2 and hmF2 is well pronounced. In the later period, a distortion of this relation is observed. The statistical characteristics of the foF2 dependence on hmF2 are spoiled. That shows that due to the cooling and contraction of the upper atmosphere the height distribution of the photochemical parameters governing the equilibrium concentration in the layer maximum changes. A larger contribution to this effect is evidently provided by changes in the atom-to-molecule concentrations ratio.     

Relationship between foF2 trends and geographic and geomagnetic coordinates

The possibility of presenting parameters k(foF2) and ΔfoF2 characterizing the change over time in the critical frequency of the ionospheric F2 layer in recent decades was considered. These parameters were previously obtained by the authors as functions of geographic coordinates, latitude and longitude. It was shown that there is such a possibility and the corresponding statistical significances of the obtained dependencies lie within the limits from ～90% to more than 99%. Simultaneously, the dependence of the linear trend k on magnetic coordinates D and I was studied. This dependence should manifest the relation of the trends in foF2 to dynamical processes (horizontal winds) via the vertical drift induced by them and the corresponding change in the F2-layer height.     

Present-Day Conditions of Limnic Ecosystems in the Lower Reaches of the Amu Darya

Present-day state and the functioning conditions of different-type limnic ecosystems in the Amu Darya delta are examined. The ecosystems are subjected to anthropogenic impact at an abrupt decrease in freshwater inflow and a change to another source of water feed.     

Ferromanganese Crusts of the Doldrums Fracture Zone,Central Atlantic: New Data on the Chemical Composition

Doklady Earth Sciences - New data on the morphology, chemical composition, and age of the ferromanganese crusts of the Doldrums Fracture Zone, Central Atlantic, collected during the 45th cruise of...     

Long-Term Trends in the Critical Frequency of the E-layer

A search for trends k(foE) in the critical frequency of the ionospheric E layer at Juliusruh and Slough stations is performed by the method often used by the authors to analyze trends in the F2-layer parameters. It is found that k(foE) could differ in both magnitude and even sign within different time intervals. However, the k(foE) trends have been stably negative over the last two decades for both stations and all months of the year. The k(foE) values averaged over a year are ?0.012 and ?0.005 MHz per year for Juliusruh and Slough stations, respectively. The method used in the recent paper by La?tovi?ka et al. (2016) to determine foE trends is analyzed, and it is shown that the difference in linear approximation of the dependence of the observed foE values on F10.7 within different time intervals could be interpreted not as the presence of a different foE dependence on the F10.7 index within these intervals but as the presence within them of foE trends that change the slope of the linear approximation.     

Trends in Parameters of the F2 Layer and the 24th Solar-Activity Cycle

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - Trends in foF2 are analyzed according to the data of Juliusruh and Boulder ionospheric stations to 2018. It is shown that the use of the traditional solar-activity...     

Trophic relations of capelin Mallotus villosus and polar cod Boreogadus saida in the Barents Sea as a factor of impact on the ecosystem

The purpose of the study is to assess the role of trophic relations of the dominant pelagic fishes capelin and polar cod in the Barents Sea with regard to distribution and accessibility as prey for the Atlantic cod in warm years (2004–2005). Unlike in the previous period, during these warm years a dramatic increase of the polar cod population resulted in a northwards expansion of the feeding grounds where overlapping of polar cod and capelin concentrations was observed. This caused an increased competition for copepods, which are the main food item for young fish. In the areas dominated by polar cod the shortage of copepods forced immature capelin to switch to the chaetognath Sagitta, which affected their fatness negatively.During the warm years the feeding grounds of Atlantic cod also expanded, to a large degree caused by the shortage of their main food, the capelin. In 2004–2005 the cod formed feeding concentrations in the north and northeast Barents Sea where they fed on the capelin. In this area the consumption of polar cod by cod increased, and in some local areas the polar cod practically replaced the capelin in the diet of cod. In general polar cod in the diet of Atlantic cod were more important in the northern than in the southern part of the Barents Sea. The fatness of cod was extremely low during the whole spring–summer period (until August), and after the feeding period the fatness index of the Atlantic cod became lower than the average long-term autumn value.     

Strontium isotope composition of the lower proterozoic carbonate concretions: The Zaonega Formation,Southeast Karelia

The middle part of the volcanosedimentary Zaonega Formation of the Ludikovian Suprahorizon (approximately 2.0 Ga) includes large carbonates concretions and lenses in shungite layers. Carbonate lenses and concretions are primarily elongated and flattened, and their thickness varies from tens of centimeters to a few meters. Some lenses retain relicts of lamination. Concretions are composed of calcite or dolomite. They contain abundant organic matter, as well as mica, talc, chlorite, quartz, and pyrite crystals. The calcite concretions contain some dolomite admixture (Mg/Ca = 0.011?0.045) and differ from sedimentary limestones by a low Fe/Mn value (0.3–2.1). The Sr content is as much as 385–505 μg/g in most samples and is low (86 μg/g) only in one sample. The Rb-Sr systematics of carbonate concretions was studied with the stepwise dissolution procedure, which included processing with the ammonium acetate solution (AMA fraction) to partially remove the secondary carbonate material, with dissolution of the residue in acetic acid (ACA fraction). In individual calcite samples, discrepancy between the measured ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values in the AMA and ACA calcite fractions shows a variation range of 0.0008–0.0033. The initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio in the ACA fractions of the studied samples varies from 0.7053 to 0.7162. The ratio shows a positive correlation with Mg/Ca and the proportion of siliciclastic admixture and negative correlation with the Mn content. The concretions were formed when the sediments subsided, probably, during the transition from a zone with “mild” reductive conditions to zones with active sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. In the sulfate reduction zone, where most pyrite-bearing concretions were formed, the sediment was not geochemically exchaged with the bottom water and was evolved into a closed or semiclosed system. Processes of diagenesis in this zone promoted the release of the radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr from the associated siliciclastic minerals, resulting in growth of the initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr in concretions up to 0.7108–0.7162. Some calcite concretions, which lacked pyrite (or contained its minimal amount) were likely formed in a thin surficial sediment layer located above the sulfate reduction zone. Therefore, they precipitated Sr in isotope equilibrium with Sr of the bottom water. However, large concretions and carbonate lenses with an insignificant siliciclastic admixture could retain the signature of early diagenesis or even sedimentation. The initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio in one of such samples with the siliciclastic admixture of 6.2% makes it possible to estimate the maximal value of this ratio (0.7053) in the Ludikovian paleobasin.