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21.
Collapse behavior of a brick masonry house using a shaking table and numerical simulation based on the extended distinct element method 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
T. Nakagawa T. Narafu H. Imai T. Hanazato Q. Ali C. Minowa 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2012,10(1):269-283
Damage caused by devastating earthquakes has occurred in many developing countries. In order to mitigate such damage by promoting
the study of adequate seismic design strategies, the authors conducted a dynamic collapse test on 3 m × 3 m × 3 m brick masonry
house constructed with Pakistani bricks, using a one-direction horizontal large-scale shaking table. In order to analyze and
simulate seismic performance of the masonry structures, the authors applied a new numerical simulating method based on the
Extended Distinct Element Method (EDEM) and conducted collapse simulations of the brick masonry house behavior during the
shaking table tests. In the numerical simulation model, bricks were assumed to be rigid bodies, and mortar was modeled using
a mortar spring that consists of a normal spring and a shear spring. The parameters of each mortar spring were defined based
on the results of material tests. Simulated results showed various collapsing processes, and the simulated aspects were found
to be similar to the results of the shaking table tests. 相似文献
22.
Takeo Hama Shoko Kawashima Koichi Shimotori Yuhi Satoh Yuko Omori Shigeki Wada Taiki Adachi Shun Hasegawa Takashi Midorikawa Masao Ishii Shu Saito Daisuke Sasano Hiroko Endo Tsuyoshi Nakayama Isao Inouye 《Journal of Oceanography》2012,68(1):183-194
The effect of ocean acidification, caused by the increase in pCO2 in seawater, on phytoplankton population and on related organic nitrogen production was experimentally examined by use of a natural coastal microbial population. pCO2 and pH were controlled by aeration with air in which pCO2 was at the current level (control), for which ambient air was used, and with air in which pCO2 was ??800?? and ??1200?? ppm, in 500-L culture vessels. The experiment was continued for 15?days after addition of the inorganic nutrients such as nitrate, phosphate, and silicate. During most of the experimental period, a minor increase in phytoplankton biomass was noted, probably because of low irradiance, an increase in phytoplankton biomass was observed at the end of the experiment. Flow cytometric and microscopic observations revealed that this increase was because of Chrysochromulina sp. (Haptophyceae). The growth of Chrysochromulina sp. was most obvious in the control vessel, and tended to be obscured by increasing pCO2 (decrease in pH), indicating the possibility that ocean acidification inhibits the growth of specific phytoplankton groups, for example Chrysochromulina sp. Production of particulate organic nitrogen (PON), determined by the 15N tracer method, also diminished under acidified conditions compared with that at the current level. 相似文献
23.
Maki Tsujimur Koichi Ike Tadashi Tanak Lunten Janchivdorj BadamgaravErdenchimeg Damdinbazar Unurjargal Ramasamy Jayakumar 《寒旱区科学》2013,5(1):0126-0132
Drinking water supplies in Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia, are completely dependent on groundwater sourced from pumping
wells located in an alluvial plain of the Tuul River which flows through Ulaanbaatar. The interaction between groundwater in the
alluvial plain and river surface water was investigated using a hydrological and multi-tracers approach. The observed groundwater
contour map clearly shows that the Tuul River recharges the floodplain groundwater and groundwater flows from east to west.
The similarity of chemical and stable isotopic compositions suggests that groundwater is mainly recharged by Tuul River water in
the vicinity of the river. In addition, considering groundwater contours and chemical composition, groundwater in the northern and
southern mountain sides contribute to floodplain groundwater. Stable isotopic information suggests that winter season precipitation
also contributes to the groundwater, because groundwater in a specific region has a considerably lower isotopic ratio. Using
the End Member Mixing Analysis applying oxygen-18, SiO2 and HCO3
- as tracers, the contribution ratios of the Tuul River,
groundwater in the northern and southern mountain regions, and winter season precipitation to floodplain groundwater are estimated
to be 58% to 85%, 1% to 54%, 0% to 16%, and 0% to 12%, respectively. 相似文献
24.
Gas was sampled regionally, including by drilling into faults, in the South Kanto gas-field around Tokyo Bay, Japan. Gas samples were collected from cores in a gas sampling container immediately after drilling. A value of δ13C1 = −44.3‰ was obtained for gas in the container and δ13C1 = −36.3‰ for seeping gas in a fault zone. However, typical CH4 in this dissolved-in-water gas-field is mainly depleted in 13C, and δ13C1 values range from −66‰ to −68‰ owing to microbial degradation of organic material. 13C-rich CH4 is so far uncommon in the South Kanto gas-field. Seepages were observed from the surface along the north–south fault zone. The natural gas is stored below the sandstone layer by impermeable mudstone underlying the boundary at a depth of 30 m. Gas seepages were not observed below a depth of 40 m. Gas rises along the fault zone dissolved-in-groundwater up to the shallow region and then separates from the groundwater. 13C-rich CH4 (adsorbed CH4) was found to have desorbed from drilled mudstone core samples taken at depths of 1400–1900 m in the main gas-production strata. Similarly, 13C-rich CH4 was found in black shale overlying the oceanic crust forming part of a sedimentary accretionary prism underling the Tokyo region. It also appears in the spring-water of spa wells, originating at a depth of 1200–1500 m along a tectonic line. Methane generated by microbial degradation of organic material through CO2 reduction in the South Kanto gas-field mainly originates as biogenic gas mixed with a small amount of 13C-rich CH4, derived from thermogenic gas without oil components in strata. It is assumed that 12C-rich CH4 is easily detached from core or pore water through gas production, whereas 13C-rich CH4 is strongly adsorbed on the surfaces of particles. The 13C-rich CH4 rises along the major tectonic line or up the 50 m wide normal fault zone from relatively deep sources in the Kanto region. 相似文献
25.
Badri Bhakta Shrestha Hajime Nakagawa Kenji Kawaike Yasuyuki Baba Hao Zhang 《Natural Hazards》2012,61(2):577-602
Experience shows that debris flows containing large woody debris (driftwood) can be more damaging than debris flows without
driftwood. In this study, the deposition process of debris flows carrying driftwood was investigated using numerical simulations
and flume experiments. Debris-flow trapping due to driftwood jamming in a slit-check dam was also investigated. A numerical
model was developed with an interacting combination of Eulerian expression of the debris flow and Lagrangian expression of
the driftwood, in which the fluctuating coordinates and rotation of the driftwood were treated stochastically. The calculated
shapes and thicknesses of a debris-flow fan and the positions and orientations of the deposited driftwood on a debris-flow
fan were consistent with experimental flume results. The jamming of driftwood in a slit-check dam was evaluated based on geometry
and probability. The simulated results of outflow discharge and the proportion of driftwood passed through the slit-check
dam also agreed with the experimental results. 相似文献
26.
Duong Du Bui Akira Kawamura Thanh Ngoc Tong Hideo Amaguchi Naoko Nakagawa 《Hydrogeology Journal》2012,20(8):1635-1650
A groundwater-monitoring network has been in operation in the Red River Delta, Vietnam, since 1995. Trends in groundwater level (1995?C2009) in 57 wells in the Holocene unconfined aquifer and 63 wells in the Pleistocene confined aquifer were determined by applying the non-parametric Mann-Kendall trend test and Sen??s slope estimator. At each well, 17 time series (e.g. annual, seasonal, monthly), computed from the original data, were analyzed. Analysis of the annual groundwater-level means revealed that 35?% of the wells in the unconfined aquifer showed downward trends, while about 21?% showed upward trends. On the other hand, confined-aquifer groundwater levels experienced downward trends in almost all locations. Spatial distributions of trends indicated that the strongly declining trends (>0.3?m/year) were mainly found in urban areas around Hanoi where there is intensive abstraction of groundwater. Although the trend results for most of the 17 time series at a given well were quite similar, different trend patterns were detected in several. The findings reflect unsustainable groundwater development and the importance of maintaining groundwater monitoring and a database in the Delta, particularly in urban areas. 相似文献
27.
Koichi Watanabe Chinatsu Yachi Xiao Jing Song Saori Kakuyama Miyuki Nishibe Sheng Jun Jin 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2018,75(2):141-153
Measurements of the concentrations of H2O2 and methyl hydroperoxide (MHP), O3, and SO2 over Imizu City, Toyama Prefecture, Japan were performed in March using a helicopter. H2O2 concentrations were higher at an altitude of approximately 2,400 m (8,000 ft). The H2O2 concentrations (< 0.8 ppb) in the spring were much lower than those observed during the summer observations. MHP was also higher in the high-altitude atmosphere. Lower concentrations of H2O2 were observed when high air pollutants were actively transported from Asian continent. The concentrations of H2O2 were mostly lower than those of SO2; this condition is called oxidant limitation. If H2O2 concentration rises in cold months, the acidification of cloud water may be accelerated at high elevations in central Japan where air pollution is actively transported. 相似文献
28.
Yozo Kudo Osam Sano Naokuni Murashige Yoshiaki Mizuta Koji Nakagawa 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1992,138(4):641-656
The double-torsion test using Aji granite was carried out to investigate the interaction between stress-induced crack path and mineral grains. Crack velocities were controlled at range 10–7 m/s to 10–1 m/s. After the stressed specimens were dyed, we checked the crack path by thin section analysis, using an optical microscope. The stress-induced crack path was divided into two types, transgranular and intergranular cracks, and each path was subdivided with respect to mineral grains. In spite of the extensive range of crack velocities, the ratios between the transgranular and intergranular crack lengths did not change. The crack paths were all jagged, and often showed detour around the grain boundary when faced with obstacles like hard grains or preexisting cracks. That is to say, quartz grain played an important role as an obstacle. Feldspar grain could change the crack path because of its cleavage plane. Biolite grain had a serious effect on the path even if its constitution ratio is very small. Fractal dimensions of the crack paths were calculated by three methods, as indicators of surface roughness. The fractal dimensions were shown in a slight trend with the change of crack velocity. This trend can be explained from the point of limited cracking rate in stress corrosion. 相似文献
29.
A model of a coronal region of enhanced Fexv and Fexvi emission is developed and its energy balance is examined using extreme ultraviolet observations from OSO-7 together with calculations of possible force-free coronal magnetic field configurations. The coronal emissions overlying the photospheric boundary between regions of opposite magnetic polarity are found to be associated with generally non-potential (current-carrying) magnetic fields in the forms of arches with footpoints in regions of opposite polarity. The orientation of these arches relative to the neutral line changes with degree of ionization of the emitting ion (which we infer from our limb observations to be a function of height) and may be evidence of differing electric currents along various field lines. The appearance of a coronal arch, seen side-on, can conveniently be represented by a parabola and a detailed analysis (Appendix) shows this to be a realistic approximation that should be generally useful in analyzing two-dimensional pictures of coronal structures. Applying this analysis to the most prominent coronal region observed in the radiations of Fexv and Fexvi, we find a maximum in the electron temperature, T e , of 2.6 × 106K at the top of arches whose heights are 20000–40000 km and whose footpoints are separated by ≈ 100000 km. A temperature gradient of ▽T e ≈5 × 10-5K cm-1 is found in this coronal structure. Radiative losses are typically fifteen times greater than conductive losses and the energy deposition required to maintain the coronal feature is nearly uniformly distributed along its length. 相似文献
30.
In order to examine the formation, distribution and transport of North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW), repeated hydrographic
observations along several lines in the western North Pacific were carried out in the period from 1996 to 2001. NPIW formation
can be described as follows: (1) Oyashio water extends south of the Subarctic Boundary and meets Kuroshio water in intermediate
layers; (2) active mixing between Oyashio and Kuroshio waters occurs in intermediate layers; (3) the mixing of Oyashio and
Kuroshio waters and salinity minimum formation around the potential density of 26.8σθ proceed to the east. It is found that Kuroshio water flows eastward even in the region north of 40°N across the 165°E line,
showing that Kuroshio water extends north of the Subarctic Boundary. Volume transports of Oyashio and Kuroshio components
(relative to 2000 dbar) integrated in the potential density range of 26.6–27.4σθ along the Kuroshio Extension across 152°E–165°E
are estimated to be 7–8 Sv (106 m3s−1) and 9–10 Sv, respectively, which is consistent with recent work.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献