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261.
M. Ibrahim S. Khan X. Hao G. Li 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2016,13(10):2467-2474
Mining and geogenic activities can lead to elevated concentrations of potentially toxic elements in soil. Biochar amendment to soil is a cost-effective technology and environmentally friendly approach to control soil pollution, improve phytoremediation and mitigate health risks due to agricultural products. Greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of rice husk biochar on alfalfa biomass, metal bioaccumulation and arsenic speciation. Results indicated that rice husk biochar amendments to contaminated soil increased plants biomass by improving soil fertility and available nutrients. Biochar also increased soil cation change capacity, dissolved organic carbon, while decreased available concentrations of potentially toxic elements (except for arsenic). The accumulation of nickel, lead, cadmium and zinc (except for chromium and arsenic) significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased as compared with unamended control plants. In addition, increases were observed for inorganic arsenite and arsenate. Current findings demonstrate that rice husk biochar can be used as a beneficial amendment for contaminated soil. However, further field experiments are needed to validate its long-term effectiveness where environmental factors are diverse and complex. 相似文献
262.
S. A. Khan X. Liu H. Li Y. Zhu W. Fan P. Zhou Z. ur Rehman 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2016,13(11):2597-2608
Lead and cadmium are the two widely recognized toxic metals, with known ecological risk to freshwater fish in contaminated ecosystems. However, their effect at environmentally realistic level in a mixture has been rarely investigated. In the present study, serum metabolic responses of Crucian carp exposed to Pb (30 µgL?1), Cd (100 µgL?1) and Pb+Cd (30 + 100 µgL?1) for 21 days were investigated by 1H NMR-based metabolomics. The metabolic responses were compared to control by multivariate techniques (PCA, PLS-DA and OPLS-DA), and metabolites that significantly contributed to the variation were identified. Metal dependent metabolic responses revealed a decline of alanine, lysine and tyrosine in Pb exposed fish, indicating changes in neurotransmitters, and amino acid metabolism, while fish exposed to Cd showed significant decrease in lysine, isoleucine, leucine, alanine and increase in 3-hydroxybutyrate, acetone, lactate, choline, inosine, guanosine and threonine. The coexposure of Pb and Cd had additive effect on metabolic profile with increase in pyruvate, guanosine and inosine. The overall metabolic changes due to Pb and Cd were characterized by disturbed energy metabolism, impaired osmotic regulation and a shift from aerobic to anaerobic respiration. Moreover, 1H NMR-based metabolomics was proved to be a powerful tool in elucidating the toxic effects of environmental pollutants and underlying mechanism. 相似文献
263.
264.
Sedimentary porous rocks can be used for long-term subsurface containment of CO2. Before injecting CO2 to sedimentary reservoirs, it is necessary to perform stability analysis of the reservoir and to estimate the maximum sustainable pore fluid pressures. In order to avoid the reservoir damage during the CO2 injection, the effective stresses in the reservoir should be evaluated. In this paper, numerical modeling techniques are used for the evaluation of stresses and deformations in a naturally fractured carbonate sedimentary reservoir. The developed numerical modeling scheme couples the behavior of the CO2 injection and the change in the geomechanical behavior of the sedimentary carbonate reservoir for a case study from Saudi Arabia. The present investigation extends the previous studies by considering the sorption-based deformation during the injection of the compressed CO2 fluid into the Arab-D naturally fractured carbonate reservoir. The change in permeability during the injection of CO2 is evaluated. The adopted CO2 injection scenario was shown to be within the safe maximum occupancy, and that the increase in the pore pressure does not result in the reservoir failure. 相似文献
265.
The Bela ophiolite of Pakistan contains a complete ophiolite-accretionary wedge-trench sequence emplaced onto the Indian continental margin during the northward drift of India-Seychelles over the active Réunion hotspot. A structurally higher ophiolite overlies an accretionary prism, which is thrust over a foreland basin. Shear-sense determinations in peridotite mylonites in the ophiolite footwall and imbrication structures in the underlying accretionary wedge indicate an ESE emplacement. Sedimentary rocks in the accretionary wedge indicate Aptian-Albian pillow lavas, initially deep water conditions, and increasing influence from the continent until the Maastrichtian. The ophiolite emplacement was predated and accompanied by Fe-tholeiitic and alkaline magmatism related to the Réunion hotspot and continuous incorporation of trench sediments into the accretionary wedge. 39 Ar/40 Ar dating shows that the ophiolite formed around 70 Ma. Intraoceanic subduction initiated between 70 and 65 Ma, obduction onto the Indian passive margin occurred during the formation of the Deccan traps at ≈ 66 Ma, and final thrusting onto the continental margin ended in the early Eocene (≈ 50 Ma). The ophiolite emplacement occurred during the counterclockwise separation of Madagascar and India-Seychelles which caused shortening and consumption of oceanic lithosphere between the African-Arabian and the Indian-Seychelles plates. 相似文献
266.
267.
Abdul Ghaffar Muhammad Akhtar Muhammad Akbar Khan Abdul Majid Khan Khizar Samiullah Mehboob Iqbal 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2012,80(1):119-122
Partially complete right antler from the Pinjor Formation (Pleistocene) of the Upper Siwalik Subgroup is identified, described and its phylogenetic relationship is discussed. The fossil antler is compared with other known fossil records of family Cervidae as well as with the extant species, on the basis of which it can be attributed to Axis punjabiensis. This species has not been reported previously from this fossil site. 相似文献
268.
The disastrous Mw 9.3(seismic moment 1.0×1030 dyn/cm) earthquake that struck northwest Sumatra on 26 December 2004 and triggered~30 m high tsunami has rejuvenated the quest for identifying the forcing behind subduction related earthquakes around the world.Studies reveal that the strongest part(elastic core) of the oceanic lithosphere lie between 20 and 60 km depth beneath the upper (~7 km thick) crustal layer,and compressive stress of GPa order is required to fail the rock-layers within the core zone.Here we present evidences in favor of an intraplate origin of mega-earthquakes right within the strong core part(at the interface of semi-brittle and brittle zone),and propose an alternate model exploring the flexing zone of the descending lithosphere as the nodal area for major stress accumulation. We believe that at high confining pressure and elevated temperature,unidirectional cyclic compressive stress loading in the flexing zone results in an increase of material yield strength through strain hardening, which transforms the rheology of the layer from semi-brittle to near-brittle state.The increased compressive stress field coupled with upward migration of the neutral surface(of zero stress fields) under noncoaxial deformation triggers shear crack.The growth of the shear crack is initially confined in the near-brittle domain,and propagates later through the more brittle crustal part of the descending oceanic lithosphere in the form of cataclastic failure. 相似文献
269.
Aftab Alam Khan 《Natural Hazards》2012,61(3):1127-1141
Geodynamic status, seismo-tectonic environment, and geophysical signatures of the Bay of Bengal do not support the occurrence
of seismogenic tsunami. Since thrust fault and its intensity and magnitude of rupture are the key tectonic elements of tsunamigenic
seismic sources, the study reveals that such characteristics of fault-rupture and seismic sources do not occur in most of
the Bay of Bengal except a small segment in the Andaman–Nicobar subduction zone. The inferred segment of the Andaman–Nicobar
subduction zone is considered for generating a model of the deformation field arising from fluid-driven source. The model
suggests local tsunami with insignificant inundation potential along the coast of northern Bay of Bengal. The bathymetric
profile and the sea floor configuration of the northern Bay of Bengal play an important role in flattening the waveform through
defocusing process. The direction of motion of the Indian plate makes an angle of about 30° with the direction of the opening
of Andaman Sea. The opening of Andaman Sea and the direction of plate motion of the Indian plate results in the formation
of Andaman trench where the subducting plate dives more obliquely than that in the Sunda trench in the south. The oblique
subduction reduces significantly the possibilities of dominant thrust faulting in the Andaman subduction zone. Further, north
of Andaman subduction in the Bengal–Arakan coast, there is no active subduction. On the otherhand, much greater volume of
sediments (in excess of 20 km) in the Bengal–Arakan segment reduces the possibilities of mega rupture of the ocean floor.
The water depth (≈1,000 m) along most of the northern Bay of Bengal plate margin is not optimum for any significant tsunami
generation. Hence, very weak possibility of any significant tsunami is suggested that based on the interpretation of geodynamic
status, seismo-tectonic environment, and geophysical signatures of the Andaman subduction zone and the Bengal–Arakan coast. 相似文献
270.
Muhammad Akbar Khan Muhammad Akhtar George Iliopoulos 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2014,84(3):352-360
The late Miocene-early Pliocene fossil deposits of Hasnot in northern Pakistan have yielded a very rich vertebrate fauna. In this paper we describe the remains of Cervidae from six of these localities. By dental remains, at least four species of cervids are documented. These remains significantly widen the time distribution of the cervids and draw back the first appearance of cervids in the Dhok Pathan Formation of the Siwaliks. The data indicate a diverse set of coexisting ungulates in the area, subsisting within a mosaic of habitats. 相似文献