Numerical Modeling of Ice Fog in Interior Alaska Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model

An ice microphysics parameterization scheme has been modified to better describe and understand ice fog formation. The modeling effort is based on observations in the Sub-Arctic Region of Interior Alaska, where ice fog occurs frequently during the cold season due to abundant water vapor sources and strong inversions existing near the surface at extremely low air temperatures. The microphysical characteristics of ice fog are different from those of other ice clouds, implying that the microphysical processes of ice should be changed in order to generate ice fog particles. Ice fog microphysical characteristics were derived with the NCAR Video Ice Particle Sampler during strong ice fog cases in the vicinity of Fairbanks, Alaska, in January and February 2012. To improve the prediction of ice fog in the Weather Research and Forecasting model, observational data were used to change particle size distribution properties and gravitational settling rates, as well as to implement a homogeneous freezing process. The newly implemented homogeneous freezing process compliments the existing heterogeneous freezing scheme and generates a higher number concentration of ice crystals than the original Thompson scheme. The size distribution of ice crystals is changed into a Gamma distribution with the shape factor of 2.0, using the observed size distribution. Furthermore, gravitational settling rates are reduced for the ice crystals since the crystals in ice fog do not precipitate in a similar manner when compared to the ice crystals of cirrus clouds. The slow terminal velocity plays a role in increasing the time scale for the ice crystals to settle to the surface. Sensitivity tests contribute to understanding the effects of water vapor emissions as an anthropogenic source on the formation of ice fog.     

Numerical investigation of the seismic response of a UHV composite bypass switch retrofitted with wire rope isolators

An ultra-high voltage(UHV)composite bypass switch(BPS)faces increasing seismic challenges when UHV projects extend to high seismic intensity areas.The UHV composite BPS still generates excessive stress at the bottom section although hollow composite insulators with high flexural strength are adopted.Since the standard retrofitting strategy by using stiffer supports cannot reduce stress responses,wire rope isolation is introduced.The optimal design of isolation considers both stress and displacement responses since the slenderness and composite material of insulators contribute to significant displacement.The results show that properly designed isolation can significantly reduce stress without excessive displacement responses.A larger radius configuration helps to improve the applicability of small stiffness isolators under high winds.When the isolation still cannot satisfy the requirement,smaller stiffness isolators with a larger radius,or isolators with increased loops and smaller radius,can be introduced to gain better energy dissipation capacity and effectiveness in response mitigation.Accordingly,a three-step design procedure is proposed to increase the damping force but fix the rotational stiffness of isolation.Hence,the application of wire rope isolation can be extended to UHV composite BPS with a low natural frequency,but conductors with enough redundancy should be used.     

云南个旧卡房铜多金属矿床流体包裹体特征及其地质意义

卡房铜多金属矿床位于云南省个旧锡多金属矿集区,作为该区南段典型的铜多金属矿床,其深入的成矿流体性质及成矿物质来源研究尚为薄弱,限制了对该矿床成因的深入认识.本文对产于玄武岩中的似层状铜多金属矿体(主要成矿类型)开展了精细的野外岩相学、矿物学、C-H-O 同位素及流体包裹体原位成分分析.结果显示,流体包裹体主要为气液两相水溶液包裹体,石英流体包裹体均一温度为264.5～330.5℃、盐度w(NaCleq)为 16.24%～18.20%、密度为 0.853～0.924 g/cm3;萤石流体包裹体均一温度为199.8～339.1℃、盐度w(NaCleq)为 8.81%～18.88%、密度为 0.822～0.955 g/cm3;方解石流体包裹体均一温度为 112.1～199.4℃、盐度w(NaCleq)为 4.96%～10.86%、密度为 0.910～1.011 g/cm3,表明卡房铜多金属矿床成矿流体具有中低温、中低盐度、低密度特征,且早阶段到晚阶段,成矿温度和流体盐度明显降低.与Cu矿共生的石英 δDV-SMOW值为-83.9‰～-78.9‰,δ18OH2O值为 4.63‰～12.14‰,方解石 δ13CV-PDB值为-7.11‰～0.64‰;同时,石英单个流体包裹体原位分析结果显示流体包裹体富集大离子亲石元素,如Na、K、Rb、Cs、Sr 等.这些特征暗示了流体可能来源于与花岗质岩浆有关的热液流体,热液流体上升过程中与围岩碳酸盐岩发生强烈的水-岩反应;该过程可能萃取了玄武岩层中的Cu物质,诱发了Cu的富集并最终成矿.     

船艇费用-效能分析方法研究

文中介绍了费用-效能分析的基本步骤和方法,针对船艇的特点建立了寿命周期费用的分解结构和费用模型,并编制了船艇寿命周期费用的计算程序。最后以两条船艇的费用-效能分析为例,对费用-效能分析在船艇多方案选优中的应用作了初步探讨。