三维地形颜色渐变渲染的光滑过渡方法研究

地形颜色渐变渲染是表达地形起伏变化或其他地学要素空间分布变化趋势的常用方法。在三维地学交互分析系统中观察分析三维地学信息时,需要依据观察位置和分析区域的范围大小不停地变化视角和视距。当观察距离很近时,利用包含一定颜色数的色带渲染地形会出现明显的颜色分层现象,不能很好地表达地形颜色的光滑过渡。针对三维地学交互分析系统对地形颜色渐变渲染的操作需求和存在的问题,分析了RGB和HSL两种颜色模型的特点,顾及OpenGL的颜色平滑过渡原理,在RGB颜色空间通过对所有颜色分量进行线性插值实现了地形双色渐变渲染,在HSL颜色空间通过固定饱和度、亮度,对色相进行线性插值实现了地形多色渐变渲染,并通过加入光照计算来增强地形颜色渐变晕渲的三维立体效果。实验结果表明：本文方法能很好地兼容OpenGL的平滑着色,实现三维交互环境下任意距离观察地形均能保持颜色之间光滑渐进过渡,达到更为光滑的地形颜色渐变渲染效果。     

Numerical analysis of permafrost effects on the seismic site response

Some of the damage to the infrastructure observed in past earthquakes occurred in Alaska could be related to the existence of permafrost. However, only limited research has been carried out so far to investigate the effects of permafrost on the seismic site response. Permafrost with relatively high shear wave velocity (1000–1500 m/s) extensively exists in the interior of Alaska and causes anomaly in the shear wave velocity profile that may alter the site response. In current design practices, permafrost has been treated as bedrock and its potential effects on site response are ignored. A systematic investigation was conducted to understand the effects of permafrost on the ground motion characteristics using one-dimensional equivalent linear analysis for the MCE, AASHTO and IBC Design Earthquake level hazards. The average surface displacement, velocity and acceleration response spectra for a typical permafrost site were obtained and the worst case scenario was identified. The results show that the presence of permafrost can significantly alter the ground motion characteristics and it may not be conservative to ignore the effects of permafrost in the seismic design of civil structures.     

弯曲柔性立管举升气液两相流时的流固耦合效应研究

海洋油气混输时,气液两相流与混输立管之间的双向流固耦合作用机理十分复杂.针对柔性立管与气液两相流的流固耦合响应问题,在气液两相循环试验装置中开展了不同流型两相流流动特性及柔性立管振动响应的测试,利用高速摄像非介入测试技术同步捕捉了柔性立管的振动位移与管内的流型演变过程,对比了不同流型气液两相流诱导的立管振动响应特性,通过对比固定和振动立管内的气液两相流动特性,辨析了振动对管内两相流动的影响.结果表明:柔性立管中出现了泡状流、泡状—段塞流、段塞流、段塞—搅拌流和搅拌流五种流型,不同流型的气液两相流诱导立管振动的机理不同,在段塞—搅拌流作用时立管的振动响应最剧烈.与固定立管相比,强烈的振动不同程度地改变了气液两相流的流动特性,振动立管中部分两相流流型转变的临界条件有明显地调整,相对而言,振动对搅拌流和泡状流的影响较小.     

The effect of plastic fines on the pore pressure generation characteristics of saturated sands

Pore water pressure generation during earthquake shaking initiates liquefaction and affects the shear strength, shear stiffness, deformation, and settlement characteristics of soil deposits. The effect of plastic fines (kaolinite) on pore pressure generation in saturated sands was studied through strain-controlled cyclic triaxial tests. In addition to pore pressure generation, this experimental study also focused on evaluating the threshold shear strain for pore pressure generation and the volumetric compressibility of specimens during pore pressure dissipation. The results reveal that specimens having up to 20% plastic fines content generated larger values of pore water pressure than clean sand specimens. At 30% fines content, the excess pore water pressure decreased below that of clean sand. The threshold shear strain, which indicates the strain level above which pore pressures begin to generate, was assessed for different kaolinite–sand mixtures. The threshold shear strain was similar for 0–20% fines (γ_t0.006–0.008%), but increased to about 0.025% for 30% fines. The volumetric compressibility, measured after pore pressure generation, was similar for all specimens. The transition of behavior at fines contents between 20% and 30% can be attributed to a change in the soil structure from one dominated by sand grains to one dominated by fines.     

锆石氧逸度对相山地区火山岩型铀矿床成矿母岩判别的指示意义

我国华南广泛分布火山- 侵入杂岩体,其中个别岩体中伴有火山岩型铀矿床的产出,因此如何区分含铀矿与不含铀矿岩体成为矿床学界关注的重要课题。本文以相山地区含铀火山- 侵入岩以及周边不含铀矿侵入岩为例,开展锆石LA- ICP- MS U- Pb年龄和微量元素研究。结果显示含矿花岗斑岩的形成年龄为133. 7±1. 6 Ma（云际）,含矿碎斑熔岩的形成年龄为132. 8±1. 5 Ma（邹家山）,不含矿花岗斑岩的年龄为134. 9±1. 3 Ma（七琴）和133. 3±1. 3 Ma（桃溪）,其在误差范围内基本一致。含矿与不含矿岩体的锆石Ce4+/Ce3+比值由高到低依次为：邹家山22. 12~68. 75（平均值为45. 61）,云际19. 02~43. 48（平均值为27. 64）,七琴7. 99~22. 03（平均值为15. 63）,桃溪9. 70~22. 40（平均值为16. 19）。锆石Ti含量温度计结果显示含矿岩体锆石的结晶温度比不含矿岩体的锆石结晶温度相对更高。结合晶格应变模型和锆石Ti温度计,获得前者的绝对氧逸度亦高于后者。本研究发现相山地区含矿火山- 侵入岩体中锆石的Ce4+/Ce3+比值普遍大于22,笔者提出锆石氧逸度可以作为判别火山- 侵入岩体是否含矿的一个可能指标。此外,含矿与不含矿岩体中全岩铀含量的高低与氧逸度呈明显的正相关,我们推断含矿岩体具有较高的氧逸度可能指示了其岩体母岩浆相应地具有更高的铀含量。综合前人的研究资料,笔者发现含铀岩体的氧逸度明显低于斑岩型铜- 钼矿,但与花岗岩型钨矿以及火山岩型银- 铅- 锌矿类似。因此,氧逸度的相对高低对铜- 钼、钨- 钼、铀及银- 铅- 锌赋矿岩体的差异性成矿有明显制约作用,可能还间接反映了地幔物质贡献比例的多少。     

云南临沧晚中新世槭属叶片和翅果研究

云南省是研究我国植物多样性,植物区系演化及被子植物迁徙路线的有利场所。文中鉴定并描述了采自云南临沧上中新统邦卖组的槭属(Acer)8块叶片和17块翅果化石,共鉴定为4个种,其中包括1个新种和1个相似种,分别为Acer lincangense sp.nov.和Acer cf.jingdongense。槭属化石在云南邦卖组的出现,证明了该植物群具有北温带和古热带的混生特征,反映了当时植物区系类型的多样化构成了云南现代植物多样性的基础。另外,通过对Acer全球大化石记录以及现生种的统计,总结得出槭属的地史演化具有3个发展高峰期:依次为始新世、中新世和全新世,从古至今呈现一种螺旋式递增趋势。     

A spatial dynamic model of population changes in a vulnerable coastal environment

This study developed a spatial dynamic model to examine the coupled natural–human responses in the form of changes in population and associated developed land area in the Lower Mississippi River Basin region. The goal was to identify key socioeconomic factors (utility) and environmental factors (hazard damages, elevation, and subsidence rate) that affected population changes, as well as to examine how population changes affected the local utility and the local environment reciprocally. We first applied areal interpolation techniques with the volume-preserving property to transform all the data at Year 2000 into a unified 3 km by 3 km cellular space. We then built an Elastic Net model to extract 12 variables from a set of 33 for the spatial dynamic model. Afterward, we calibrated the neighborhood effects with a genetic algorithm and use the spatial dynamic model to simulate population and developed land area in 2010. Furthermore, we took a Monte Carlo approach for analyzing the uncertainty of the model outcome. Our accuracy assessment shows that the model on average slightly overpredicts the number of population and the developed land percentage at 2010, as indicated by the low values of mean absolute deviation (MAD) due to quantity. On the other hand, the MADs due to allocation are larger than the MADs due to quantity, with most outliers found in the New Orleans region where population and urban development declined significantly during 2000–2010 after Hurricane Katrina. The proposed model sheds light on the complex relationships between coastal hazards and human responses and provides useful insights to strategic development for coastal sustainability.     

Determination of Tectonic and Crustal Structure of the Eastern Pontide Orogenic Belt (NE Turkey) Using Gravity and Magnetic Data

The Eastern Pontide Orogenic Belt is one of the most complex geodynamic settings within the Alpine belt. Subduction polarity, which is responsible for the formation of the Eastern Pontide Magmatic Arc, is still under debate because of limited geological, geophysical and geochemical data. This orogenic belt is mainly divided into three subzones depending on lithological characteristics and facies changes as in Northern, Southern and Axial Zones from North to South. These zones are separated from each other by near-vertical faults that display the block-faulting tectonic style of this belt. In this study, the tectonic and crustal structure of the Eastern Pontides, which as yet have not been prospected by using geophysical data, has been investigated with potential field data. The horizontal gradient map obtained from gravity data shows a number of steep and gentle lineaments. It seems that these lineaments E-W, NE and NW-trending correspond to major structural zones of continental crust. Additionally, The Moho depth and Curie point depth variation maps of the Eastern Pontide Orogenic Belt have been computed with the power spectral method of the radial wavenumber carried out by using the fast Fourier transform method. As a result of this method, we estimated that the depths of the Moho and Curie point varied between 29.0 ± 1.2–47.2 ± 1.9 km and 14.3 ± 0.7–27.9 ± 1.4 km, respectively. Our findings indicate that the Moho depth generally increases from north to south in the region. However, the Curie point depth level within the crust has an undulating surface, not a horizontal one.     

Analysis of pile‐raft foundations under complex loads in layered soils

Considering there is hardly any concerted effort to analyze the pile‐raft foundations under complex loads (combined with vertical loads, horizontal loads and moments), an analysis method is proposed in this paper to estimate the responses of pile‐raft foundations which are subjected to vertical loads, horizontal loads and moments in layered soils based on solutions for stresses and displacements in layered elastic half space. Pile to pile, pile to soil surface, soil surface to pile and soil surface to soil surface interactions are key ingredients for calculating the responses of pile‐raft foundations accurately. Those interactions are fully taken into account to estimate the responses of pile‐raft foundations subject to vertical loads, horizontal loads and moments in layered soils. The constraints of the raft on vertical movements, horizontal movements and rotations of the piles as well as the constraints of the raft on vertical movements and horizontal movements of the soils are considered to reflect the coupled effect on the raft. The method is verified through comparisons with the published methods and FEM. Then, the method is adopted to investigate the influence of soil stratigraphy on pile responses. The study shows that it is necessary to consider the soil non‐homogeneity when estimating the responses of pile‐raft foundations in layered soils, especially when estimating the horizontal responses of pile‐raft foundations. The horizontal loads and the moments have a significant impact on vertical responses of piles in pile‐raft foundations, while vertical loads have little influence on horizontal responses of piles in pile‐raft foundations in the cases of small deformations. The proposed method can provide a simple and useful tool for engineering design. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A cyberinfrastructure for community resilience assessment and visualization

Disaster resilience is a major societal challenge. Cartography and GIS can contribute substantially to this research area. This paper describes a cyberinfrastructure for disaster resilience assessment and visualization for all counties in the United States. Aided by the Application Programming Interface-enabled web mapping and component-oriented web tools, the cyberinfrastructure is designed to better serve the US communities with comprehensive resilience information. The resilience assessment tool is based on the resilience inference measurement model. This web application delivers the resilience assessment tool to the users through applets. It provides an interactive tool for the users to visualize the historical natural hazards exposure and damages in the areas of their interest, compute the resilience indices, and produce on-the-fly maps and statistics. The app could serve as a useful tool for decision makers. This app won the top 10 runners-up in the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) Climate Resilience App Challenge 2014 and the top 5 in the scientific section of the ESRI Global Disaster App Challenge 2014.