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181.
182.
In a recent intercomparison of the response of general circulation models (GCMs) to high-latitude freshwater forcing (Stouffer
et al., J Climate 19(8):1365–1387, 2006), a number of the GCMs investigated showed a localised warming response in the high-latitude North Atlantic, as opposed to
the cooling that the other models showed. We investigated the causes for this warming by testing the sensitivity of the meridional
overturning circulation (MOC) to variations in freshwater forcing location, and then analysing in detail the causes of the
warming. By analysing results from experiments with HadCM3, we are able to show that the high-latitude warming is independent
of the exact location of the additional freshwater in the North Atlantic or Arctic Ocean basin. Instead, the addition of freshwater
changes the circulation in the sub-polar gyre, which leads to enhanced advection of warm, saline, sub-surface water into the
Greenland–Iceland–Norwegian Sea despite the overall slowdown of the MOC. This sub-surface water is brought to the surface
by convection, where it leads to a strong warming of the surface waters and the overlying atmosphere. 相似文献
183.
184.
Groundwater contamination due to accidental releases of mono- and polycyclic aromatic compounds (MAHs and PAHs) from decommissioned
manufactured-gas plants is an ongoing and litigious problem. The MAHs and PAHs are derived from coal tar, which was a by-product
of the gas-manufacturing process. While originally designed to contain coal tar, the manufactured-gas plant structures that
remain today have often degraded over time and are not completely leak-proof. Over a period of many years, subsurface water
has seeped into and out of the structures, resulting in groundwater contamination. This was particularly true once the tops
of the structures were removed. In this study, process-based simulations were conducted to estimate the groundwater-quality
impacts of accidental releases of dissolved naphthalene (C10H8) from the sites of three former manufactured-gas plants. The results from one-dimensional, transient, unsaturated, near-surface
fluid-flow and solute-transport simulations served as input to three-dimensional saturated subsurface fluid-flow and solute-transport
simulations. The simulation results and sensitivity analysis reported here indicate that accidental releases of naphthalene
had significant, negative impacts on groundwater quality at each of the three sites.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
185.
We analyze the neutralino–nucleus elastic cross-section in the minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model (MSSM), including contributions from CP-violating phases, using the four-fermi neutralino–quark interaction. Over a wide range of the MSSM parameter space, we show the variations in the cross-sections due to these phases. We further concentrate on the regions which are consistent with constraints from the electric dipole moment of the electron, neutron and mercury atom. In the regions we examine in detail, we find suppressions by up to a factor of two, while enhancements in the cross-sections are no greater than 10%. 相似文献
186.
Despite their apparent economic benefits to harvesters, individual fishing quotas (IFQs) have only been adopted in three US fisheries: Mid-Atlantic surf clam and ocean quahog; South Atlantic wreckfish; and, North Pacific halibut and sablefish. During the 1996 reauthorization of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, Congress temporarily blocked implementation of additional IFQ programs in US fisheries. In this paper, we argue that because of the emergence of an alternative, the cooperative, it is unlikely that new IFQs will be adopted in federally managed US fisheries. From an economic perspective, cooperatives offer the advantage of eliminating production externalities that may remain under an IFQ program with relatively large owner classes. More significantly, development of IFQ programs appears to be increasingly overwhelmed by the proliferation of both equity concerns and seemingly interminable rent-seeking behavior — both issues that can effectively block adoption of IFQs. Ironically (and paradoxically?), by reducing the scope of the equity issues acknowledged, the cooperative alternative narrows the pool of claimants and modifies the behavior of the remainder, making implementation more likely. A further irony exists in that IFQs are widely thought to be best designed at the local/regional level while part of the appeal of the cooperative model is that it appears to shortcut the often protracted nature of the local/regional political process by relying on direct intervention from Washington, DC, in the form of actions by Congress or the Justice Department. 相似文献
187.
K. O'Brien Keith Horne B. Boroson † M. Still ‡ R. Gomer J.B. Oke P. Boyd S.D. Vrtilek 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,326(3):1067-1075
We present Keck II spectroscopy of optical mHz quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) in the light curve of the X-ray pulsar binary Hercules X-1. In the power spectrum it appears as 'peaked noise', with a coherency ∼2, a central frequency of 35 mHz and a peak-to-peak amplitude of 5 per cent. However, the dynamic power spectrum shows it to be an intermittent QPO, with a lifetime of ∼100 s, as expected if the lifetime of the orbiting material is equal to the thermal time-scale of the inner disc. We have decomposed the spectral time series into constant and variable components and used blackbody fits to the resulting spectra to characterize the spectrum of the QPO variability and constrain possible production sites. We find that the spectrum of the QPO is best fitted by a small hot region, possibly the inner regions of the accretion disc, where the ballistic accretion stream impacts on to the disc. The lack of any excess power around the QPO frequency in the X-ray power spectrum, created using simultaneous light curves from RXTE , implies that the QPO is not simply reprocessed X-ray variability. 相似文献
188.
We derive strong constraints on the Yukawa couplings and the vacuum expectation value in the singlet majoron model. The presence of a small gravitationally induced mass for the majoron can be used to set a constraint on its vacuum expectation value. If the singlet symmetry breaking scale is larger than the electroweak symmetry breaking scale, lepton number violating interactions in equilibrium with electroweak sphaleron interactions would destroy any prior baryon asymmetry. If the baryon asymmetry is not generated at the electroweak scale or later, strong bounds on the Yukawa couplings h 10−7 and VEVs vs < vEW are derived. We also carefully rederive baryogenesis bounds on neutrino masses, finding that in general they apply not to the masses themselves, but only to related parameters, and they are numerically somewhat less stringent than has previously been claimed. 相似文献
189.
Rob Cavallo Keith A. Arnaud Virginia Trimble 《Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy》1993,14(3-4):141-143
Pointed ROSAT PSPC exposures of 9277 and 6992 sec, directed toward the nearby, single, cool, magnetic white dwarfs GR 290
and EG 250 yielded no counts significantly above the expected background rate. The corresponding flux limits (for an assumed
source temperature of l keV) are 1.0 and 1.7 × 10−14erg cm−2 s−1, within the 0.1–2.5 keV bandpass of the instrument (99% confidence limits). This is more than an order of magnitude below
the tentative detection level (for GR 290) and limits (for four other similar stars) obtained from archival Einstein data
in 1991. The corresponding limits on coronal electron density are comparable with those implied if cyclotron emission is not
responsible for any of the features observed in the optical spectra of magnetic white dwarfs. X-ray data currently provide
no evidence for the existence of coronae around these stars. A final long observation (25,000 sec of GD 356) is scheduled
for later this year on ROSAT, along with coordinated EUVE observations. 相似文献
190.
We present observations of another post-flare arch following an eruptive flare, detected in X-ray lines above the western solar limb on 2 May 1985. 相似文献