On distinguishing quartz of hydrothermal or metamorphogenic origin in different monomineralic veins in the eastern part of Germany

Summary Investigations were made on quartz veins in rocks of the crystalline basement of the German regions Sachsen, Thüringen and Harz Mountains in the former GDR characterizing them genetically for industrial purposes. Fluid inclusions show differences in frequency, size, shape and filling degree between hydrothermal and metamorphic quartz. Homogenization temperatures range from 200 to more than 300°C for metamorphic quartz and from about 100 to more than 250°C for hydrothermal quartz. Pressure corrected homogenization temperatures of metamorphic quartz fluid inclusions exceed 500°C but are available only for this type. Pressures determined for metamorphic quartzes range from 120 to more than 300 MPa. Cryometrically analysed salinity varies from relatively low values (about 10 equiv.-% NaCl) for metamorphic quartz to widely scattered values (8 to 26 equiv.-% NaCl) for the hydrothermal type. The results agree well with the composition of the occluded solutions determined by chemical analysis which range from 20 to 160 g/l for metamorphic quartz, and from 50 and more than 300 g/l for hydrothermal quartz. Chemistry of the metamorphic quartz inclusions is dominated by Na, Cl and HCO₃ ions, whereas Ca ions prevail in hydrothermal quartz. Some of the properties found are important for the melting behaviour of quartz in glass production.

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Zusammenfassung An Quarzgängen in Gesteinen des kristallinen Fundamentes Sachsens, Thüringens und des Harzes in der ehemaligen DDR wurden Untersuchungen zur genetischen Charakterisierung im Zusammenhang mit einer industriellen Nutzung durchgeführt. Mit Hilfe der Methoden der EinschluBforschung und ergänzender Spurenelement- und isotopengeochemischer Analysen war es möglich, Unterscheidungsmerkmale abzuleiten. Bereits mikroskopische Beobachtungen an Einschlüssen in den beiden Quarztypen zeigen Unterschiede in Häufigkeit, Größe, Form und Füllungsgrad. Die Homogenisierungs-temperaturen schwanken zwischen 200 und über 300°C für die metamorphogenen und von 100 bis über 250°C für die hydrothermalen. Druckkorrigierte Homogenisierungs-temperaturen übersteigen 500 °C bei den metamorphogen gebildeten Einschlüssen, sind aber nur für diese erhältlich. Die an den metamorphogenen Quarzen bestimmten Drücke nehmen Werte zwischen 120 bis über 300 MPa an. Die kryometrisch bestimmten Salinitäten bewegen sich zwischen niedrigen Konzentrationen (etwa 10 NaCl-Äquiv.-%) für metamorphogene und stark schwankenden (8 bis 26 NaCI Äquiv.-%) für die hydrothermalen. Diese Ergebnisse stimmen gut mit den chemischen Zusammensetzungen der eingeschlossenen Lösungen überein, die Werte zwischen 20 und 160 g/l für die metamorphogenen Quarze sowie 50 bis über 300 g/l für hydrothermale ergeben. Der Chemismus der Lösungen in metamorphogenen Quarzen zeigt dominante Na-, Cl- und HCO₃-Ionen, während in den hydrothermalen Ca-Ionen überwiegen. Einige der festgestellten Eigenschaften sind für das Einschmelzverhalten der Quarze bei der Herstellung von Silicaglas von Bedeutung.

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With 8 Figures     

Using stable and radioactive isotopes for the investigation of contaminant metal mobilization in a metal mining district

Naturally occurring stable and radioactive isotopes were used as environmental tracers to investigate contaminant metal mobilization processes in a metal smelter dump mainly consisting of slag. Water emerging from the dump at a spring is heavily contaminated by metals. The smelter dump contains minor amounts of flue dust, a material which shows a high potential for metal mobilization. Nearby dumps mainly consist of low-grade ore. Concentration patterns of ²³⁸U, ²²⁶Ra and ²¹⁰Pb determined in sediment deposited close to the contaminated spring reveal the flue dust to be the major local metal source rather than the slag or the low-grade ore. Contamination pathways inside the dump were investigated using hydrological, chemical and isotopic data. Strong negative correlation between water discharge and metal concentration in the spring water suggests, besides short-term dilution of the metal concentration by direct rainwater runoff, distinct long-term dilution of the spring water by groundwater being discharged at a significantly increased rate as a result of heavy rains. δ¹⁸O and δD signatures of rain, local groundwater and spring water confirm the importance of groundwater derived from the local aquifer. Another hydrological component with importance for metal mobilization was found to be water that is recharged in the dump itself. Tritium analysis allowed an assessment of the probable residence time of that water component in the smelter dump. Since that water component seems to represent a major local contamination pathway the findings of the study are of substantial importance for site remediation planning. As a primary result it could be stated that covering the dump would not result in any noteworthy short-term improvement of the spring water quality. First significant effects would only be visible after 2–3 decades at the earliest.     

Nickel-rich metasomatism of the lithospheric mantle by pre-kimberlitic alkali-S–Cl-rich C–O–H fluids

Metasomatism of the lithospheric mantle sometimes produces unusual assemblages containing native metals and alloys, which provide important insight into metasomatic processes in the mantle. In this study, we describe the metasomatic enrichment of a refractory harzburgite xenolith in Ni, Fe and, to a lesser extent, Cu, Co, As and Sb. The xenolith (XM1/422) derives from the Bultfontein kimberlite (Kimberley, South Africa) and hosts Ni mineralisation that includes native nickel (Ni_84.5-98.0), heazlewoodite (Ni₃S₂) and Ni-rich silicates (e.g. up to 37.5 wt % NiO in olivine, and 22.4 wt % NiO in phlogopite). The presence of several mineral phases enriched in alkali and volatile species (e.g. phlogopite, phosphates, carbonates, chlorides, djerfisherite) indicates that the transition metal cations were likely introduced during metasomatism by alkali-rich C–O–H fluids or alkali-carbonate melts. It is postulated that sulphide breakdown and fluid reaction with refractory mantle rocks contributed to the fluid’s enrichment in Ni and other metallic cations. The Ni-rich assemblages of xenolith XM1/422 show local chemical disequilibrium, and modelling of the Ni diffusion profiles adjacent to olivine-native nickel and olivine-heazlewoodite grain boundaries, suggests a close temporal relationship between Ni-rich metasomatism and subsequent entrainment by the kimberlite magma. However, metal-rich metasomatism has also been observed in other lithospheric mantle domains, including orogenic peridotitic massifs and the suboceanic mantle; regions unaffected by kimberlite magmatsim. As micro-scale occurrences of metallic phases are easily overlooked, it is possible that metal-rich metasomatism is more widespread in the Earth’s mantle than previously recognised.     

Untersuchungen über das Wachstum der Eiskristalle

Zusammenfassung Auf einem Taupunktspiegel werden bei tiefen Temperaturen und niedrigen Dampfdrucken Kondensations- und Sublimations-vorgänge untersucht. Wird der Spiegel mit einem dünnen Überzug von Zaponlack versehen, dann lassen sich auf seiner Oberfläche je nach den gewählten Bedingungen verschiedene Eiskristalle erzeugen. Die Eiskristalle entstehen bei Temperaturen zwischen –14°C und –45°C und in Dampfdruckbereichen von 1,5 bis 0,1 mm Hg. Mikroaufnahmen vermitteln einen Eindruck der Kristallformen und ihres Wachstums.Da die von uns entwickelte Anordnung es gestattet, Einzelkristalle über längere Zeiträume zu beobachten, lassen sich Aussagen über Wachstum und Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit machen. Es stellt sich heraus, daß die Endform eines Kristalls durch die Frühform bestimmt ist, sofern nicht dendritisches Wachstum eintritt. Die Wachstumsgeschmindigkeit liegt etwa zwischen 0,1 und 7,0 mm/h und ihr Mittelwert scheint für die einzelnen Kristallformen charakteristisch zu sein. Einige Versuche zur Frage der Koexistenz der flüssigen und der festen Phase des Wassers beweisen, daß der Wirkungsgrad des Bergeron-Prozesses in der Wolke vielfach überschätzt wird.

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Summary Condensation and sublimation processes have been examined on a dew-point mirror at low temperatures and vapour pressures. If the mirror is covered with a thin layer of zapon lacquer different ice crystals according to the chosen conditions can be produced at temperatures between –14°C and –45°C in steam pressure ranges of 1,5 to 0,1 mm Hg. Microphotographs show the crystal forms and their growth.Since a special arrangement developed by us allows watching single crystals over longer periods, observations about the growth and its speed can be made which show that the final form of a crystal is determined by its early form, provided that no dendrite growth occurs. That speed of growth is between about 0.1 and 7.0 mm/h and its mean value seems to be characteristic for the special crystal forms. Some experiments as to the co-existence of the fluid and solid phase of water prove that the efficiency of the Bergeronprocess in clouds is often overrated.

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Résumé Etude de phénomènes de condensation et de sublimation sur un miroir à point de rosée, par basses températures et faibles tensions de vapeur d'eau. En recouvrant le miroir d'une mince couche de laque de zapone, on peut, selon les circonstances, faire naître divers cristaux de glace. Ceux-ci se forment entre –14° et –45° et entre 1,5 et 0,1 mm. de mercure; leurs formes et leur croissance s'observent grâce à des microphotographies.Le dispositif adopté permet d'observer les cristaux isolés pendant longtemps et de suivre leur vitesse de croissance. On a constaté que la forme finale d'un cristal dépend de sa forme primitive, pour autant qu'il n'y a pas de croissance dendritique. La vitesse de formation varie de 0,1 à 7,0 mm./h., et sa valeur moyenne semble caractéristique des formes individuelles. Des essais concernant la coexistence des phases solide et liquide, de l'eau montrent que l'efficacité du processus de Bergeron dans les nuages est très surestimée.

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Mit 28 Textabbildungen

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Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften der Technischen Hochschule Karlsruhe.     

SPATIAL COHERENCE AND DECAY OF WIND SPEED AND POWER IN THE NORTH-CENTRAL UNITED STATES

Hourly wind data from a network of climate stations in the north-central United States (drawn from the states of Illinois, lowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin) are analyzed to evaluate the efficacy of spatial analyses of near-surface wind speed and power. Spatial autocorrelation functions (acfs) were calculated at a number of timescales: annual, monthly, daily, and hourly. Annual wind speeds have virtually no coherent distance-decay relationship; monthly data produce a more consistent relationship, but still exhibit a large amount of scatter. Both daily and hourly data have classical decay with increasing distance between stations and there appears to be an optimal level of temporal aggregation, near the daily timescale, for spatial analysis of wind. In general, however, spatial acfs overestimate the spatial coherence of both wind speed and power. Temporal nonstationarities in wind data (i.e., diurnal and annual cycles) bias spatial autocorrelation functions and need to be removed before using spatial acfs to estimate characteristics of wind fields. Because mean absolute differences (MAD) of interstation wind speed and power are less affected by temporal nonstationarities, they produce more-robust representations of the spatial variability of wind speed and power. As a result, spatial MADs are recommended over spatial acfs for analyzing spatial coherence and decay of any spatial variable that contains nonstationarities. Methods for improving the spatial analysis of wind are discussed. [Key words: wind energy, spatial autocorrelation, spatial analysis, nonstationarity, north-central United States.]     

Mesozoic rift magmatism in the North Sea region: <Superscript>40</Superscript>Ar/<Superscript>39</Superscript>Ar geochronology of Scanian basalts and geochemical constraints

More than 100 volcanic necks composed of basanites and melanephelinites occur in Scania, southern Sweden, at the junction of two major tectonic lineaments, the Phanerozoic Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone (STZ) and the Proterozoic Protogine Zone. New ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar isotope analyses of whole rock fragments of nine selected basalt necks suggest that the Mesozoic alkaline volcanism in the Scanian province commenced earlier than previously reported and comprised three separate volcanic episodes that span a total period of ca. 80 Myr: a first Jurassic (191–178 Ma), a second at the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary (ca. 145 Ma), and a final middle Cretaceous episode (ca. 110 Ma). The new results allow for precise time correlations between eruption events in the Scanian and those in the North Sea volcanic provinces. The older, early Jurassic event in Scania is largely synchronous with that in the Egersund Basin and the Forties field whereas the event at ca. 145 Ma is correlated with activity in the Central Graben. These volcanic episodes also correlate in age with Kimmerian tectonic activity. Volcanic activity in the middle Cretaceous period has also been dated in the triple junction in the North Sea and offshore in the Netherland Sector. The correlation of basalt volcanism in Scania with the Egersund nephelinites strongly suggest that volcanism was triggered by repeated tectonic activity along the STZ. Geochemical data of alkaline mafic rocks in the Scanian and the North Sea volcanic provinces imply that different provinces have largely unique geochemical signatures in favour of a heterogeneous mantle in the North Sea volcanic region. However, basalts of different generations in one and the same province cannot be readily separated on the basis of geochemistry, suggesting that the same lithospheric mantle was the source of repeated volcanism over time in each province. The data suggest a low degree of melting of a volatile-bearing mantle lherzolite enriched in incompatible elements with the exception of the Forties basalts in the rift centre, produced by larger degree of melting and evolved by fractional crystallization.     

The knotty structure of the HII dwarf galaxy F348

[OIII] images and blue spectra of the emission-line dwarf galaxy F348 are presented. In [OIII] light, the object contains two knots about 9” NE of the nucleus and one large extended knot 11” to the SW. The nuclear region is hundred times less luminous in emission-line light than the knots. Despite the presence of line intensity ratios [OIII]λ5007/Hβ > 3 the prior classification as a Seyfert-2 object cannot be upheld. This clinches an earlier suggestion by Veron-Cetty & Veron (1986). In particular, we show that the line spectra can be modeled with photoionization models employing stellar input continua. Also, the line luminosities of the extranuclear knots are typical for giant HII regions. There is neither evidence for tidal tails nor for high velocity differences between the knots. In addition, the linear arrangement of the knots does not support interaction. It rather suggests self-propagating star formation In this picture, the faintness of the nuclear region can be understood by an edge-on view. In addition, the nuclear starburst appears to be fading in contrast to the young extranuclear star formation regions. Within the scheme of Melnick (1987), F348 has to be classified as a multiple-system HII galaxy.