Dissolved oxygen as an indicator of bioavailable dissolved organic carbon in groundwater

Concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) plotted vs. dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in groundwater samples taken from a coastal plain aquifer of South Carolina (SC) showed a statistically significant hyperbolic relationship. In contrast, DO-DOC plots of groundwater samples taken from the eastern San Joaquin Valley of California (CA) showed a random scatter. It was hypothesized that differences in the bioavailability of naturally occurring DOC might contribute to these observations. This hypothesis was examined by comparing nine different biochemical indicators of DOC bioavailability in groundwater sampled from these two systems. Concentrations of DOC, total hydrolysable neutral sugars (THNS), total hydrolysable amino acids (THAA), mole% glycine of THAA, initial bacterial cell counts, bacterial growth rates, and carbon dioxide production/consumption were greater in SC samples relative to CA samples. In contrast, the mole% glucose of THNS and the aromaticity (SUVA(254)) of DOC was greater in CA samples. Each of these indicator parameters were observed to change with depth in the SC system in a manner consistent with active biodegradation. These results are uniformly consistent with the hypothesis that the bioavailability of DOC is greater in SC relative to CA groundwater samples. This, in turn, suggests that the presence/absence of a hyperbolic DO-DOC relationship may be a qualitative indicator of relative DOC bioavailability in groundwater systems.     

Stress evaluation in offshore regions of Norway

A review has been undertaken of all available information on crustal stresses in Norwegian continental shelf and North Sea. The data have principally come from the results of borehole breakouts, supplemented by focal mechanisms. A simple model of a soft linear inclusion was developed to explain the rapid changes in stress orientation in the Central Graben area. This example indicates that the stress field is affected locally by the geological or structural environment.     

Der Bau der rumänischen Ölgebiete

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Correlation of Plio-Pleistocene deposits of the Lower Rhine Basin (North-West Germany) and the Valle Ricca pits (Central Italy)

Biostratigraphic and palaeomagnetic research has been carried out on selected profiles in North-Western Germany and Central Italy in order to correlate Plio-Pleistocene sections.Around the Réunion subchronozone, vegetation in the Valle Ricca was dominated by a mountain forest type pointing to cool climatic conditions. In the Lower Rhine Basin vegetation had a slightly warmer character, but was also dominated strongly by a mountain type of forest vegetation, characteristic of cooler summers and higher precipitation than at present.Two warmer periods have been determined in the Central Italian profiles; the youngest around the Olduvai reversal, should correspond to the youngest Tiglian beds of the Lower Rhine Basin.Deposits older than the Réunion subzone have not been found in the Valle Ricca. In the Lower Rhine Basin, on the other hand, the Gauss-Matuyama boundary is located between the uppermost Pliocene, the Reuverian C and the Praetiglian.     

Mercos — A simple Teflon sampler for ultratrace metal analysis in seawater

This paper describes an uncomplicated sampling technique for ultratrace element analysis of coastal and surface seawaters (maximum depth 100 m). The sampler system is very easy to operate. To prevent contamination problems, interchangeable 500-ml Teflon bottles are used as both sampling and storage vessels. The seawater samples are stabilized in situ by preacidifying the sampling bottles. For the determination of mercury in seawater the desired system has been developed: sampling bottle = storage bottle = reaction vessel.     

Plio-/Pleistocene climate modeling based on oxygen isotope time series from deep-sea sediment cores: The Grassberger-Procaccia algorithm and chaotic climate systems

The question whether paleoclimatic systems are governed by a small number of significant variables (low-dimensional systems) is of importance for modeling such systems. As indicators for global Plio-/Pleistocene climate variability, four marine, sedimentary oxygen isotope time series are analyzed with regard to their dimensionality using a modified Grassberger-Procaccia algorithm. An artificial, low-dimensional chaotic time series (Hénon map) is included for the validation of the method. In order to extract equidistant data the raw data are interpolated with the Akima-subspline method since this method minimizes the change in variance due to the interpolation. The nonlinear least-squares Gauss-Marquardt regression method is used instead of the linear least-squares fit to the logarithmically transformed points, in order to acquire an unbiased estimate of the correlation dimension. The dependences of the estimated correlation dimension on the embedding dimension do not indicate a small number (i.e., less than 5) of influencing variables on the investigated paleoclimatic system, whereas the low dimension for the Hénon map is verified (dimension 1.22–1.28). Because of the limited amount of data in the oxygen isotope records, dimensions greater than about 5 cannot be examined.     

Einige mineralogische,Verfärbung und Lumineszenz betreffende Gesichtspunkte

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Die Schichtung der Troposphäre über dem Tropischen Ostafrika

Zusammenfassung Dem gleichförmigen Klima der Tropen entspricht ein gleichförmiger Aufbau der unteren Troposphäre. Demnach sind hier für ganze Jahreszeiten ziemlich einheitliche Typen der Grundschicht nachzuweisen. Aerologische Beobachtungen im tropischen Ostafrika weisen auf eine Höhenlage der Peplopause von 3–4 km in der Trockenzeit hin. Die tägliche Schwankung ist gering. Die Tageswinde an der Ostküste des Victoriasees nehmen nur einen Teil der Grundschicht ein. In der äquatorialen Küstenzone ist eine Höhenlage der Peplopause bei 2 bis 21/2 km Höhe zu erwarten, im Bereiche des SE-Passates sinkt sie auf 1200–1400 m ab. Ähnliche Lagen der Peplopause gelten für die Somaliküste.

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Summary Conformably to the uniformity of the tropics there exist in the lower troposphere uniform structural conditions. Therefore, nearly continuous types of ground layer are found to prevail throughout whole seasons. Upper air observations in the tropical parts of East Africa indicate that during the dry season the peplopause will occur at a level of 3 to 4 kms. Interdiurnal variability is slight. The day winds over the east coast of Victoria occupy only part of the ground layer. It is to be anticipated that in the equatorial coast zone the peplopause will occur at a level of 3 to 21/2 kms, and that in the region of the SE trade winds it will gradually subside to 1200 to 1400 meters. Similar conditions exist for the peplopause over the Somali Coast.