Die frühmagmatische Bildung der Olivinausscheidungen vom Finkenberg (Siebengebirge) und Dreiser Weiher (Eifel)

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Die Schichtung der Troposphäre über dem Tropischen Ostafrika

Zusammenfassung Dem gleichförmigen Klima der Tropen entspricht ein gleichförmiger Aufbau der unteren Troposphäre. Demnach sind hier für ganze Jahreszeiten ziemlich einheitliche Typen der Grundschicht nachzuweisen. Aerologische Beobachtungen im tropischen Ostafrika weisen auf eine Höhenlage der Peplopause von 3–4 km in der Trockenzeit hin. Die tägliche Schwankung ist gering. Die Tageswinde an der Ostküste des Victoriasees nehmen nur einen Teil der Grundschicht ein. In der äquatorialen Küstenzone ist eine Höhenlage der Peplopause bei 2 bis 21/2 km Höhe zu erwarten, im Bereiche des SE-Passates sinkt sie auf 1200–1400 m ab. Ähnliche Lagen der Peplopause gelten für die Somaliküste.

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Summary Conformably to the uniformity of the tropics there exist in the lower troposphere uniform structural conditions. Therefore, nearly continuous types of ground layer are found to prevail throughout whole seasons. Upper air observations in the tropical parts of East Africa indicate that during the dry season the peplopause will occur at a level of 3 to 4 kms. Interdiurnal variability is slight. The day winds over the east coast of Victoria occupy only part of the ground layer. It is to be anticipated that in the equatorial coast zone the peplopause will occur at a level of 3 to 21/2 kms, and that in the region of the SE trade winds it will gradually subside to 1200 to 1400 meters. Similar conditions exist for the peplopause over the Somali Coast.

     

überblick über die Geologie der tschechoslowakischen Karpathen

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Zur Kenntnis von Höhlensedimenten

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Tektonische Probleme in Süd-China

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Introduction

Marine Geophysical Research -     

Intertemporal Accounting of Climate Change – Harmonizing Economic Efficiency and Climate Stewardship

Continuing a discussion on the intertemporal accounting of climate-change damages initiated by Nordhaus, Heal and Brown in response to the recent demonstration of Hasselmann et al. that standard exponential discounting applied uniformly to all goods and services invariably leads to a 'climate catastrophe' in cost-benefit analyses, it is argued that (1) there exists no economically satisfactory alternative to cost-benefit analysis for the determination of optimal climate protection strategies, and (2) it is essential to allow for the different long-term evolution of climate damage costs relative to mitigation costs in determining the optimal cost-benefit solution. A climate catastrophe can be avoided only if it is assumed that climate damage costs increase significantly in the long term relative to mitigation costs. Cost-benefit analysis is regarded here in the generalized sense of optimizing a social welfare function that incorporates all relevant 'quality-of-life' factors, including not only consumption and the value of the environment, but also the ethical values of equitable intertemporal and intrasocietal distribution. Thus, economic efficiency and climate stewardship are not regarded as conflicting goals, but as synonyms for a single encompassing economic optimization exercise. The same reasoning applies generally to the problem of sustainable development. To quantify the concept of sustainable development in cost-benefit analyses, the projected time evolution of the future values of natural resources and the environment (judged by the present generation, acting as representative agents of future generations) must be related to the time-evolution of all other relevant quality-of-life factors. Different ethical interpretations of the concept of sustainable development can be readily operationalized by incorporation in a generalized cost-benefit analysis in which the evolution paths of all relevant material and ethical values are explicitly specified.     

Changes in beach water table elevation during neap and spring tides on a sandy estuarine beach, Delaware Bay, New Jersey

A field investigation of temporal and spatial changes in wind and wave characteristics, runup and beach water table elevation was conducted on the foreshore of an estuarine beach in Delaware Bay during neap (April 9, 1995) and spring (April 16, 1995) tides under low wave-energy conditions. The beach has a relatively steep, sandy foreshore and semi-diurnal tides with a mean range of 1.6 m and a mean spring range of 1.9 m. Data from a pressure transducer placed on the low tide terrace reveal a rate of rise and fall of the water level on April 16 of 0.09 mm s⁻¹ resulting in a steeper tidal curve than the neap tide on April 9. Data from three pressure transducers placed in wells in the intertidal foreshore reveal that the landward slope of the water table during the rising neap tide was lower than the slope during spring tide, and there was a slower rate of fall of the beach water table relative to the fall of the tide. Wave heights were lower on April 9 (significant height from 17.1 min records <0.16 m). The water table elevation was 0.08 m higher than the water in the bay at the time of high water, when maximum runup elevation was 0.29 m above high water and maximum runup width was 2.0 m. The elevation of the water table was 0.13 m higher than the maximum elevation of water level in the bay 74 min after high water, when wave height was 0.12 m and wave period was 2.7 s. The use of mean bay water level at high tide will underpredict the elevation of the water table in the beach, and demarcation of biological sampling stations across the intertidal profile based on mean tide conditions will not accurately reflect the water content of the sandy beach matrix.