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101.
In recent decades, the need of future climate information at local scales have pushed the climate modelling community to perform increasingly higher resolution simulations and to develop alternative approaches to obtain fine-scale climatic information. In this article, various nested regional climate model (RCM) simulations have been used to try to identify regions across North America where high-resolution downscaling generates fine-scale details in the climate projection derived using the “delta method”. Two necessary conditions were identified for an RCM to produce added value (AV) over lower resolution atmosphere-ocean general circulation models in the fine-scale component of the climate change (CC) signal. First, the RCM-derived CC signal must contain some non-negligible fine-scale information—independently of the RCM ability to produce AV in the present climate. Second, the uncertainty related with the estimation of this fine-scale information should be relatively small compared with the information itself in order to suggest that RCMs are able to simulate robust fine-scale features in the CC signal. Clearly, considering necessary (but not sufficient) conditions means that we are studying the “potential” of RCMs to add value instead of the AV, which preempts and avoids any discussion of the actual skill and hence the need for hindcast comparisons. The analysis concentrates on the CC signal obtained from the seasonal-averaged temperature and precipitation fields and shows that the fine-scale variability of the CC signal is generally small compared to its large-scale component, suggesting that little AV can be expected for the time-averaged fields. For the temperature variable, the largest potential for fine-scale added value appears in coastal regions mainly related with differential warming in land and oceanic surfaces. Fine-scale features can account for nearly 60 % of the total CC signal in some coastal regions although for most regions the fine scale contributions to the total CC signal are of around ~5 %. For the precipitation variable, fine scales contribute to a change of generally less than 15 % of the seasonal-averaged precipitation in present climate with a continental North American average of ~5 % in both summer and winter seasons. In the case of precipitation, uncertainty due to sampling issues may further dilute the information present in the downscaled fine scales. These results suggest that users of RCM simulations for climate change studies in a delta method framework have little high-resolution information to gain from RCMs at least if they limit themselves to the study of first-order statistical moments. Other possible benefits arising from the use of RCMs—such as in the large scale of the downscaled fields– were not explored in this research. 相似文献
102.
Yangting Lin Ahmed El Goresy Sen Hu Jianchao Zhang Philippe Gillet Yuchen Xu Jialong Hao Masaaki Miyahara Ziyuan Ouyang Eiji Ohtani Lin Xu Wei Yang Lu Feng Xuchao Zhao Jing Yang Shin Ozawa 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2014,49(12):2201-2218
Two petrographic settings of carbonaceous components, mainly filling open fractures and occasionally enclosed in shock‐melt veins, were found in the recently fallen Tissint Martian meteorite. The presence in shock‐melt veins and the deuterium enrichments (δD up to +1183‰) of these components clearly indicate a pristine Martian origin. The carbonaceous components are kerogen‐like, based on micro‐Raman spectra and multielemental ratios, and were probably deposited from fluids in shock‐induced fractures in the parent rock of Tissint. After precipitation of the organic matter, the rock experienced another severe shock event, producing the melt veins that encapsulated a part of the organic matter. The C isotopic compositions of the organic matter (δ13C = ?12.8 to ?33.1‰) are significantly lighter than Martian atmospheric CO2 and carbonate, providing a tantalizing hint for a possible biotic process. Alternatively, the organic matter could be derived from carbonaceous chondrites, as insoluble organic matter from the latter has similar chemical and isotopic compositions. The presence of organic‐rich fluids that infiltrated rocks near the surface of Mars has significant implications for the study of Martian paleoenvironment and perhaps to search for possible ancient biological activities on Mars. 相似文献
103.
Two topics of research, namely extragalactic and variable star studies represent the main attitudes of astronomical work at the Helwan Observatory.The 74 inch telescope at Kottamia (476 m, 2h.12, 29°.93 N) some 60 km to the east of Cairo is the main instrument. Some other auxiliary equipment (Cassegrain and echelle spectrographs, Westinghouse and Japanese cameras and photoelectric photometer) can be attached at both Cassegrain and Newtonian foci.Paper presented at the IAU Third Asian-Pacific Regional Meeting, held in Kyoto, Japan, between 30 September–6 October, 1984. 相似文献
104.
The authors presented indoor practice experiments of parameters affect on foaming and foam stability. Experiments were carried out and special equipments were used to determine foaming and foam stability; tests were tabulated and charted. The effects of chemical and physical parameters on foaming and foam stability have been conducted. 相似文献
105.
Asymptotic calculations for reflection and transmission coefficients for particles incident on an inhomogeneous plane parallel medium are performed. The medium is assumed to consist of several different optically thick homogeneous layers. Functional relations between the reflection and transmission coefficients for the sublayers are obtained. The invariant embedding concepts are used to calculate the albedo for sublayers. Numerical calculations and comparisons are performed. 相似文献
106.
S. A. El Wakii M. S. Abdel Krim M. T. Attia A. A. El Ghazaly E. A. Saad 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1989,158(1):95-105
The slowing-down Boltzmann equation for generalized boundary conditions is considered and transformed to one-speed equation in Laplace space. Exact relations between energy reflection and transmission coefficients for a problem with diffuse reflecting boundary conditions and the albedos for the problem with isotropic boundary conditions are obtained. The Galerkin method is used to calculate the energy reflection coefficient for a finite slab for different thicknesses at different mass ratiosA, target to projectile mass, at different synthetic-scattering kernels. The results for partial heat fluxes for isotropic and anisotropic-scattering dispersive medium are given. The results obtained for isotropic boundary conditions are compared well with the exact results. 相似文献
107.
Osman M. Kamel 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1988,40(2):119-147
We shall establish a second order - with respect to a small parameter which is of the order of planetary masses - Uranus-Neptune canonical planetary theory. The construction will be through the Hori-Lie perturbation theory. We perform the elliptic expansions by hand, taking into account powers 0, 1, 2 of the eccentricity-inclination. Only the principal part of the planetary Hamiltonian will be taken into consideration. Our theory will be expressed in terms of the canonical variables of Henri Poincaré, referring the planetary coordinates to the Jacobi-Radau system of origin. Only U- N critical terms will be assumed as the periodic terms. 相似文献
108.
We present a second order secular Jupiter-Saturn planetary theory through Poincaré canonical variables, von Zeipel's method and Jacobi-Radau referential. We neglect in our expansions terms of power higher than the fourth with respect to eccentricities and sines of inclinations. We assume that the disturbing function is composed of secular and critical terms only. We shall deriveF
2si
and writeF
2s
in terms of Poincaré canonical variables in Part II of this problem. 相似文献
109.
In this paper, the problem of stationary MHD flow for a rotating toroidal plasma is investigated by assuming that the entropy is a surface quantity. Then, the system of ideal MHD equations is reduced to a single second-order elliptic partial differential equation known as the modified Grad-Shafranov (or Maschke-Perrin) equation. Under the assumption that both the function,P
s
andf
2 are quadratic polynomials of the flux function, a class of semi-analytical solutions is obtained for a plasma contained in a perfectly conducting toroidal boundary with a rectangular cross section. The flux function, poloidal current and the generalized pressure are obtained and discussed for relevant values of the parameters. 相似文献
110.
Ahmed Aly Kamel 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1971,4(3-4):397-405
To develop the perturbation solution of the non-Hamiltonian system of differential equationsy=g(y, t; ), it is sufficient to obtain the perturbation solution of a Hamiltonian system represented by the HamiltonianK=Y·g(y, t; ) which is linear in the adjoint vectorY. This Hamiltonization allows the direct use of the perturbation methods already established for Hamiltonian systems. To demonstrate this fact, a Hamiltonian algorithm developed by this author and based on the Lie-Deprit transform is applied to the Hamiltonized system and is shown to be equivalent to the application of the non-Hamiltonian form of this same algorithm to the original non-Hamiltonian system. 相似文献