台风Maggie(9903)的数值预报试验

台风Maggie(9903)的移动路径属于历史上罕见的疑难路径之一,在1999年6月6日0时(UTC,下同),台风位于22.3°N,119.8°E附近,它向西北方向移动,于6月6日12时抵达广东汕尾附近海面,然后沿海岸线折向西南行,于6月7日下午到达阳江附近海面,经历一次360°的打转后再折向北行在阳江登陆,澳门地球物理暨气象局以MM5为基础的台风数值预报试验系统在6月6日0时相当准确地报出Maggie的未来48h移动路径和降水,敏感性试验说明,华南大陆的海岸线走向和地形对Maggie的移动路径无明显的影响,它之所以沿海岸线折向西南行应是其环境场改变的结果,把华南陆地变为海洋后,Maggie在向西南移动过程中继续发展,这说明,当台风接近陆地或登陆后,陆面摩擦和下垫面水气供应的减少是引起台风减弱的主要因子。     

A Comparative Evaluation of the Geotechnical Index Properties of Clayey Sediments along the West Coast of India

Sediment core samples collected during geotechnical surveys along the West Coast of India in the near shore areas of Arabian Sea have generated data on the geotechnical index properties of clayey sediments up to nearly 5 m depth below seafloor. A comparative study of three sectors within themselves is attempted before carrying out a final evaluation between the sectors. Cohesive clayey sediments of Gujarat sector are comparable though widely variant in a few aspects; in the Maharashtra-Goa-Karnataka sector though, plasticity levels and clay type vary, and activity and consistency levels are quite similar. Though broadly comparable, the clayey sediments of Kerala-Tamilnadu sector have quite diverse characteristics that fail to conform to any particular pattern as each area has an exclusive set of geotechnical properties.     

Neogene oceanographic variations recorded in manganese nodules from the Somali Basin

A detailed study of a nodule from the Somali Basin dated by ²³⁰Th_excess was correlated with the paleoceanographic events recorded in Site 236 (Leg 24) Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) cores. Tentative indications are that the phase of nodule accretion starting with the development of pillar structure at a depth of 20 mm in the nodule around 13 Ma coincides with increased Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) flow and an elevated calciumcarbonate compensation depth (CCD).

The Late Miocene lowering of the CCD is represented by the mottled zones between 8 and 18 mm in the nodule is characterised by an abundant silicate component (>20%) of aeolian origin. The Miocene/Pliocene boundary (5 Ma) occurs at a depth of about 8 mm and is represented by the development of pillar structure and a minimum of aeolian dust (10.3%).

The increased biological productivity of the Somali surface water since the Middle Miocene is demonstrated by the increasing C_org content of the nodule (from 0.11 to 0.19%) towards its surface.     

多种核素在沉积物中的垂直和平面分布

应用γ谱仪测量了鸭绿江口及黄河口海域沉积物中的多种核素。由于这些区域 ,特别是黄河口 ,沉积速度快 ,泥沙从陆地直接搬运到海底 ,因此 ,2 10 Pb和 2 3 4 Th在沉积物表层均不呈现过剩 ,2 3 8U系的各子体之间基本处于放射性平衡状态。本文中 2 14 Pb的最高比活度是(6 .2 0± 0 .2 1 ) 1 0 - 2 Bq/g,最低为 (3 .0 0± 0 .3 5 ) 1 0 - 2 Bq/g。2 2 8Ac的最高比活度是 (6 .6 0± 0 .5 8)× 1 0 - 2 Bq/g,最低为 (2 .80± 0 .3 8)× 1 0 - 2 Bq/g。诸核素的平面分布与垂直分布均有一定波动 ,这种波动与沉积物的陆源变化及海洋水动力学作用有关。Ra与其他核素比较 ,更容易溶解 ,在地表水形成时 ,Ra已出现过剩。因此 ,在河口沉积物的表层 ,2 2 8Th呈现过剩。这种过剩可用来测河口的沉积速度。世界各主要有核国家已长期停止大气层核试验 ,因此 ,本文测得的 13 7Cs含量相当低 ,有些层次已不能检出     

A Study on the Delineation of Coral Reefs in Andaman and Lakshadweep Islands Using RISAT-1 Data

Coral reefs are one of the most diverse of all marine ecosystems and are often referred to as the “rainforests of the sea”. Though they cover less than one per cent of Earth’s surface, they are home to one quarter of all ocean species by providing food and shelter to them. Optical remote sensing has been widely employed for mapping and monitoring coral reefs. But the application of microwave remote sensing has been an alternate domain in this area. This study explores the possibility of utilizing synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data of Radar Imaging Satellite-I, India’s first indigenous microwave satellite to delineate the coral reefs in Andaman and Lakshadweep Islands in the Indian Ocean. The dual polarized data, after reducing the speckle has been classified to delineate the coral reefs in the vicinity of both islands. SAR has a performance comparable with passive optical sensors under favourable conditions of imaging, viz. optimum tidal current and surface winds. The study results are compared with the international coral reef reference map and are found to be highly promising, with an overall accuracy of 98.3% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.944 for fringing reefs in Andaman region. For the atolls in Lakshadweep region, the overall accuracy is found to be 92.99% and the Kappa coefficient is estimated at 0.7377. This study tries to explore a different horizon for microwave remote sensing in coral reef studies. It is seen that, optical and microwave remote sensing can provide a mutually supporting platform in coral reef delineation, in terms of imaging depth as well as climatic conditions.     

Satellite Image Resolution Enhancement Using Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform and Clustering on Subbands

In this paper two new schemes for resolution enhancement (RE) of satellite images are proposed based on Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform (NSCT). First one is based on the interpolation on band pass images obtained by applying NSCT on the input low resolution image. Similar to Demirel and Anbarjafari (IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 49(6):1997–2004, 2011), as an intermediate step, the difference between approximation band and the input low resolution image is added with all the band pass directional subbands, to obtain a sharper image. This method is simple and computationally efficient but lacks sharp recovery of the edges due to the interpolation of band pass images. To overcome this, another method is proposed to obtain the difference layer, where dictionary is built using patches which are extracted from high resolution training image subbands. Similar patches from the dictionary are then clustered together. This method gives a much sharper image than the first method. Subjective and objective analysis of proposed methods reveals the superiority of the methods over conventional and other state-of-the-art RE methods.     

Devonian Stratigraphy of the Poshi Area, with a Special Discussion on the Stratigraphicai Position of the Devonian Fish-bearing Series of Eastern Yunnan

Since the publication of H. C. Wang’s [14] paper on the stratigraphical position of the Devonian fish-bearing series of E Yunnan, a general agreement seems to be arrived at among Chinese geologists. Recently, however, C. S. Pien [22] discovered some dermal plates of Bothriolepis in a sandstone conformably overlying the Tientzulin limestone bearing Tentico-spirifer tenticulum, Camarotoechia hsikuangshanensis, C. hunanensis in N Kwangtung. He shows again some doubt on the early Eifelian age     

Size segregated aerosol mass concentration measurements over the Arabian Sea during ICARB

Mass concentration and mass size distribution of total (composite) aerosols near the surface are essential inputs needed in developing aerosol models for radiative forcing estimation as well as to infer the environment and air quality. Using extensive measurements onboard the oceanographic research vessel, Sagar Kanya, during its cruise SK223B in the second phase of the ocean segment of the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB), the spatial distribution of the mass concentration and mass size distribution of near-surface aerosols are examined for the first time over the entire Arabian Sea, going as far as 58°E and 22°N, within a span of 26 days. In general, the mass concentrations (M _T ) were found to be low with the mean value for the entire Arabian Sea being 16.7 ± 7 μg m^?3; almost 1/2 of the values reported in some of the earlier campaigns. Coarse mode aerosols contributed, on an average, 58% to the total mass, even though at a few pockets accumulation mode contribution dominated. Spatially, significant variations were observed over central and northern Arabian Sea as well as close to the west coast of India. In central Arabian Sea, even though the M _T was quite low, contribution ofs accumulation aerosols to the total mass concentration was greater than 50%. Effective radius, a parameter important in determining scattering properties of aerosol size distribution, varied between 0.07 and 0.4 μm with a mean value of 0.2 μm. Number size distributions, deduced from the mass size distributions, were approximated to inverse power-law form and the size indices (ν) were estimated. It was found to vary in the range 3.9 to 4.2 with a mean value of 4.0 for the entire oceanic region. Extinction coefficients, estimated using the number-size distributions, were well-correlated with the accumulation mode mass concentration with a correlation coefficient of 0.82.     

Talkoot: software tool to create collaboratories for earth science

“Open science,” where researchers share and publish every element of their research process in addition to the final results, can foster novel ways of collaboration among researchers and has the potential to spontaneously create new virtual research collaborations. Based on scientific interest, these new virtual research collaborations can cut across traditional boundaries such as institutions and organizations. Advances in technology allow for software tools that can be used by different research groups and institutions to build and support virtual collaborations and infuse open science. This paper describes Talkoot, a software toolkit designed and developed by the authors to provide Earth Science researchers a ready-to-use knowledge management environment and an online platform for collaboration. Talkoot allows Earth Science researchers a means to systematically gather, tag and share their data, analysis workflows and research notes. These Talkoot features are designed to foster rapid knowledge sharing within a virtual community. Talkoot can be utilized by small to medium sized groups and research centers, as well as large enterprises such a national laboratories and federal agencies.