云微物理参数化对华北降雪影响的数值模拟

对发生在华北地区的一次降雪过程进行了中尺度数值模拟。结果表明,高纬强冷空气南下和低纬倒槽的水汽输送是造成这次长时间降雪过程的主要原因。采用混合方案的中尺度数值模拟表明,这次降雪天气不是对流云造成的,而是稳定性的非对流云降雪。敏感性试验也表明,采用其他积云参数化方案对模拟的降雪量基本没有影响。控制试验模拟的24h降雪量与实际观测比较吻合。模拟结果表明,当采用Dudhia简单冰相方案时,会有过多的云冰、过冷却水及雪;当采用Reisner 1混合相方案时,会有过多的云冰和雪;修改的各个Reisner 2方案对此次降雪的预报改进不大,但各个Reisner 2方案的敏感性试验中云冰混合比、过冷却水混合比和雪混合比稍微有差异。     

Impact of Land Surface Heterogeneity on Mesoscale Atmospheric Dispersion

Prior numerical modelling studies show that atmospheric dispersion is sensitive to surface heterogeneities, but past studies do not consider the impact of a realistic distribution of surface heterogeneities on mesoscale atmospheric dispersion. While these focussed on dispersion in the convective boundary layer, the present work also considers dispersion in the nocturnal boundary layer and above. Using a Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM) coupled to the Eulerian Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), the impact of topographic, vegetation, and soil moisture heterogeneities on daytime and nighttime atmospheric dispersion is examined. In addition, the sensitivity to the use of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-derived spatial distributions of vegetation characteristics on atmospheric dispersion is also studied. The impact of vegetation and terrain heterogeneities on atmospheric dispersion is strongly modulated by soil moisture, with the nature of dispersion switching from non-Gaussian to near-Gaussian behaviour for wetter soils (fraction of saturation soil moisture content exceeding 40%). For drier soil moisture conditions, vegetation heterogeneity produces differential heating and the formation of mesoscale circulation patterns that are primarily responsible for non-Gaussian dispersion patterns. Nighttime dispersion is very sensitive to topographic, vegetation, soil moisture, and soil type heterogeneity and is distinctly non-Gaussian for heterogeneous land-surface conditions. Sensitivity studies show that soil type and vegetation heterogeneities have the most dramatic impact on atmospheric dispersion. To provide more skilful dispersion calculations, we recommend the utilisation of satellite-derived vegetation characteristics coupled with data assimilation techniques that constrain soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer (SVAT) models to generate realistic spatial distributions of surface energy fluxes.     

台风暴雨的研究进展

台风灾害的主要部分往往是由台风暴雨引起的,对台风暴雨的研究有利于提高对台风天气的预报水平.过去十几年中,在远距离台风暴雨、螺旋雨带的形成理论、台风系统对中纬度地区降水的影响、暴雨分布、下垫面特征对暴雨的影响和暴雨的突然增幅等方面都取得了新的进展.我们对上述进展作了综述,并对现阶段存在的问题进行讨论.     

THE CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SUMMER MONSOON ONSET OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA I.40-YEAR AVERAGE

By using 40-year NCEP reanalysis daily data (1958-1997), we have analyzed the climatic characteristics of summer monsoon onset in the South China Sea (105°E ~ 120°E, 5°N ~ 20°N, to be simplified as SCS in the text followed) pentad by pentad (5 days). According to our new definition, in the monsoon area of the SCS two of the following conditions should be satisfied: 1) At 850hPa, the southwest winds should be greater than 2m/s. 2) At 850 hPa, θ_se should be greater than 335°K. The new definition means that the summer monsoon is the southwest winds with high temperature and high moisture. The onset of the SCS summer monsoon is defined to start when one half of the SCS area (105°E ~ 120°E,5°N ~ 20°N) is controlled by the summer monsoon. The analyzed results revealed the following: 1) The summer monsoon in the SCS starts to build up abruptly in the 4th pentad in May. 2) The summer monsoon onset in the SCS is resulted from the development and intensification of southwesterly monsoon in the Bay of Bengal. 3) The onset of the summer monsoon and establishment of the summer monsoon rainfall season in the SCS occur simultaneously. 4) During the summer monsoon onset in the SCS, troughs deepen and widen quickly in the lower troposphere of the India; the subtropical high in the Western Pacific moves eastward off the SCS in the middle troposphere; the easterly advances northward over the SCS in the upper troposphere.     

车载LiDAR数据的道路裂缝信息自动提取

针对传统道路裂缝检测工作中存在的问题,该文提出了一种利用车载LiDAR数据的道路裂缝信息自动提取方法。车载LiDAR系统能够在正常车速条件下直接获取道路及其两侧各种地物的高精度、高密度表面三维数据。为了提高数据处理效率,将三维LiDAR数据转换成二维强度特征影像数据。张量投票算法根据平滑度、邻近度及连续性约束原则,通过结构特征的张量表示和非线性投票能够从稀疏的、噪声的数据中推断显著性结构。通过实验分析,该方法不仅适用于激光点云生成的强度特征影像数据的裂缝提取,还适用于光学影像数据的裂缝提取,且提取精度在90%左右。     

Gold Mineralization in Kottathara Prospect, Attappadi Valley, Kerala, India: a Preliminary Appraisal

The Kottathara gold prospect of Attappadi Valley in Kerala is located within the Southern Indian Granulite Terrain comprising charnockite and gneisses with enclaves of high-grade supracrustals. The gold mineralization associated with the basic members of the Attappadi supracrustals and the quartz veins traversing them are confined within the Bhavani Shear Zone. Primarily the gold-quartz lode is emplaced in rheologically preferred zones along the contact of the basic members with the enclosing gneisses subsequent to a period of retrogression and shearing. Ore-mineralogical studies reveal that gold got remobilized and this remobilization is identified with the regional Bhavani Shear. SEM studies indicate that gold occurs in free state and also within sulphides especially pyrite. Variation in grain morphology is clearly discernible in gold occurring within oxidised and in non-oxidised zones.Sequencing of deformational events with associated emplacements of known ages suggests the age of gold mineralization of Attappadi area as between 2 Ga. and 2.5 Ga. The secondary mobilization has to be <2.0 Ga or younger possibly of younger Pan-African age related with the Moyar-Bhavani Shear System. The inherent gold content of the komatiitic metapyroxenites together with the auriferous quartz lodes assigns a lithological control on gold mineralisation. Subsequent folding and remobilization due to the regional shear constrained the geometry of the lode zones implying structural control.     

Granite-molybdenite association in Kerala in relation to taphrogenic metallogeny

Two molybdenite-bearing granites from the Kerala region, namely, the Chengannoor and the Ambalavayal granites are discussed here in terms of their salient geochemical characters. The geochemistry of the host rocks indicates a peraluminous, calc-alkaline to alkali-calcic nature and the element levels show good fit with the proposed ‘finger-prints’ for granite-molybdenite systems. Fluid inclusion studies suggest that Mo was probably partitioned in vapour phase, which subsequently combined with available sulphur. Regional distribution of molybdenite strongly favours the view of a molybdenum province in the southern part of the Indian shield. Associations of rare metal mineralization with the riftcontrolled acid magmatic phase in the Kerala region are suggestive of a late Precambrian —Early Palaeozoic taphrogenic metallogeny.     

Three dimensional dynamo theory in the magnetosphere

We have solved in this paper the three dimensional dynamo equation consistent with the conditions in the magnetosphere. The conductivity we have adopted here is that for a fully ionised but highly rarefied gas in a magnetic field. The velocity field is based on the measurements of the convection patterns made by different satellites. The solution obtained of the dynamo equation is presented here in the most general form so that it can be used when the various parameters are known to a higher degree of accuracy in future. We have then made a model calculation based on the particular solution of the inhomogeneous differential equation and have computed the components of the current as well as the isointensity curves in the midday-midnight meridional plane. as well as on the dawn-dusk meridional plane. These theoretical results have then been matched with observations.The passing away on December 30, 1971 of Professor Sarabhai prevented his seeing this final write up.     

Ex-seafarers shore-based employment: the current UK situation

The decline of the British shipping industry has had a significant impact on those sectors of the UK economy which have traditionally relied on ex-seafarers as a source of skilled labour. An in-depth study of the impacts of this problem was undertaken in 2003 to consider the implications of developments which have taken place in the industry since 1996. The UK economy's requirement for people with seafaring experience to fill land-based jobs was assessed, together with the implications of any shortfall. This paper considers the demand aspects of changes which have occurred since 1996.     

Influence of temperature on the physiological responses of the bivalve Brachidontes striatulus and its significance in fouling control.

Heat treatment offers an alternative method of fouling control to chlorination in power plants. In order to optimise such a procedure it is important to understand the responses of fouling organisms to elevated water temperatures. In this paper we report results of experiments on the lethal and sub-lethal effects of temperature on the bivalve Brachidontes striatulus which is one of the major foulants in the process seawater heat exchangers of Madras Atomic Power Station located at Kalpakkam, on the east coast of India. The important physiological activities, such as, oxygen consumption, filtration rate, byssus thread production and faecal matter production were studied at temperatures varying from 20 to 38 degrees C. Three different size groups [3-5 mm shell length (group 1), 6-10 mm (group 2), 11-15 mm (group 3)] of B. striatulus were used for the experiments. The results showed physiological activities were maximum at 35 degrees C, minimum at 20 and 38 degrees C. Physiological activities increased with size except for byssus thread production, which did not show any trend. Survival times showed a reduction from 30 h at 39 degrees C to < 1 h at 45 degrees C and were independent of body size.