Contrasting Metamorphic Record of Heat Production Anomalies in the Penokean Orogen of Northern Michigan

It is proposed that the contrasting metamorphic mineral assemblages of the isolated amphibolite facies metamorphic highs in the Penokean orogen of northern Michigan may be caused by different heat production rates in the Archean basement. This hypothesis is based on concentrations of K, U, and Th in the Archean basement gneisses and Paleoproterozoic metasediments that indicate significant contribution of radiogenic heating during Penokean metamorphism. Heat production was anomalously high ( approximately 10.6 μWm-3) where andalusite-bearing mineral assemblages indicate that high temperatures were attained at shallow crustal levels ( approximately 550 degrees -600 degrees C at approximately 3 kbar). In contrast, where exposed metamorphic rocks indicate peak temperatures of 600 degrees -650 degrees C at 6-7 kbar, heat production in the Archean basement was lower ( approximately 3.7 μWm-3). The effect of heat production rates on the metamorphic pressure-temperature paths was tested with numerical thermal models. The calculations show (1) that if the heat production rate, where andalusite-bearing assemblages formed, was significantly <6.0 μWm-3, the estimated pressure at peak temperatures (PTmax) would be much higher and lie in the sillimanite or kyanite stability fields; and (2) differences between PTmax estimates for the metamorphic highs based on thermobarometry can be reproduced if thermal history involved significant crustal thickening as well as moderate unroofing rates.     

Measurement of a Peak in the Cosmic Microwave Background Power Spectrum from the North American Test Flight of Boomerang

We describe a measurement of the angular power spectrum of anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at scales of 0&fdg;3 to 5 degrees from the North American test flight of the Boomerang experiment. Boomerang is a balloon-borne telescope with a bolometric receiver designed to map CMB anisotropies on a long-duration balloon flight. During a 6 hr test flight of a prototype system in 1997, we mapped more than 200 deg(2) at high Galactic latitudes in two bands centered at 90 and 150 GHz with a resolution of 26&arcmin; and 16&farcm;5 FWHM, respectively. Analysis of the maps gives a power spectrum with a peak at angular scales of 1 degrees with an amplitude 70 μK(CMB).     

Discovery of a New Pulsating X-Ray Source with a 1549.1 Second Period, AX J183220-0840

A new pulsating X-ray source, AX J183220-0840, with a 1549.1 s period was discovered at R.A.=18h32m20s and decl.=-8&j0;40'30" (J2000, with an uncertainty of 0&farcm;6) during an ASCA observation on the Galactic plane. The source was observed two times, in 1997 and in 1999. A phase-averaged X-ray flux of 1.1x10-11 ergs cm-2 s-1 and a pulsation period of 1549.1+/-0.4 s were consistently obtained from these two observations. The X-ray spectrum was represented by a flat, absorbed power law with a photon index of Gamma approximately 0.8 and an absorption column density of NH approximately 1.3x1022 cm-2. Also, a signature of iron K-shell line emission with a centroid of 6.7 keV and an equivalent width of approximately 450 eV was detected. From the pulsation period and the iron-line feature, AX J183220-0840 is likely to be a magnetic white dwarf binary with a complexly absorbed thermal spectrum with a temperature of about 10 keV.     

Developing a Radiative Shock Experiment Relevant to Astrophysics

We assume that internal shocks of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) consist of multiple sub-jets with a collimation half-angle of about several times gamma-1i, where gammai is the Lorentz factor of each sub-jet. If by chance a sub-jet is first emitted off-axis from the line of sight, the observed peak energy can be in the X-ray region. Next, if by chance a subsequent sub-jet is emitted along the line of sight, then the peak energy will be in the gamma-ray region and the gamma ray may arrive after the X-ray precursor from the former sub-jet depending on parameters. This model predicts a new class of GRBs with extremely weak and short gamma-ray emission but X-ray precursors and/or postcursors as well as an afterglow.     

Parameterization of the Absorption of the H2O Continuum, CO2, O2, and Other Trace Gases in the Fu-Liou Solar Radiation Program

The absorption properties of the water vapor continuum and a number of weak bands for H2O, O2, CO2, CO, N2O, CH4, and O3 in the solar spectrum are incorporated into the Fu-Liou radiation parameterization program by using the correlated k-distribution method (CKD) for the sorting of absorption lines. The overlap absorption of the H2O lines and the H2O continuum (2500-14500 cm^-1) are treated by taking the two gases as a single-mixture gas in transmittance calculations. Furthermore, in order to optimize the computation efforts, CO2 and CH4 in the spectral region 2850-5250 cm^-1 are taken as a new singlemixture gas as well. For overlap involving other absorption lines in the Fu-Liou spectral bands, the authors adopt the multiplication rule for transmittance computations under which the absorption spectra for two gases are assumed to be uncorrelated. Compared to the line-by-line (LBL) computation, it is shown that the errors in fluxes introduced by these two approaches within the context of the CKD method are small and less than 0.48% for the H20 line and continuum in the 2500-14500 cm^-1 solar spectral region, -1% for H2O (line) H2O (continuum) CO2 CH4 in the spectral region 2850-5250 cm^-1, and -1.5% for H2O (line) H2O (continuum) O2 in the 7700-14500 cm^-1 spectral region. Analysis also demonstrates that the multiplication rule over a spectral interval as wide as 6800 cm^-1 can produce acceptable errors with a maximum percentage value of about 2% in reference to the LBL calculation. Addition of the preceding gases increases the absorption of solar radiation under all sky conditions. For clear sky, the increase in instantaneous solar absorption is about 9%-13% (-12 W m^-2) among which the H20 continuum produces the largest increase, while the contributions from O2 and CO2 rank second and third, respectively. In cloudy sky, the addition of absorption amounts to about 6-9 W m^-2. The new, improved program with the incorporation of the preceding gases produces a smaller solar absorption in clouds due to the reduced solar flux reaching the cloud top.     

WINTER RUNOFF AND EROSION ON NORTHWESTERN USA CROPLAND

h200l.llNTRODUCTI0NTheNorthwesternWheatandRangeRegi0n(NWax)(Austin,l98l),whichincludesportionsofIdaho,Oregon,andWashington,isoneofthem0stuniqueagriculturalregionsoftheUSA.Winterandspringsmallgrainsand0thercropsareproukcedonl0esss0ilsdepositedoverbasalt.TheloessvariesinboththicknessandtopograPhicfeatures.Someareashavesteepanddune-likeslopes,while0thershavel0ng,gentlesl0pes.Theregion,br0kenfromnativeprairielessthanl20yearsag0(Kaise,l96l)hassufferedseriousdegradationofthesoilresourcebyw…     

Variation of shearwave splitting in earthquake clusters with very similar waveforms

IntroductionAfter the confirming of anisotropy theory and the shear wave splitting, Crampin suggested that the accumulation and release of stress before and after a large earthquake could be observed by investigating the behavior of shear-wave (Crampin, et al, 1984; Crampin, 1987). Since that time, seismologists tried to find evidence to prove the hypothesis. Peacock, et al (1988) and Crampin, et al (1990) declared that they find a variation of time delay before and after the North Palm Spr…     

波形极相似的地震丛集中剪切波分裂的变化

在1991年大同MS5.8地震余震的记录中,一些小地震丛集中可见波形极为相似的地震对,利用各对地震记录的互相关函数可以确认其相似性．为了辨认剪切波波形中发生的微小变化,采用重采样技术提高采样率．可以直接从地震图中观察到丛集中成对地震的剪切波分裂的变化．      

哈萨克斯坦的地震区划

General Seismic Zoning Map of the USSR(GSZ-78),included in the Building Code,in spite of relative improvement in comparison with previous ones(1937,1957,1968),is characterized by significant reduction of seismic hazard.In some regions strong earthquakes exceeding the predicted intensity occurred almost every year.Such cases in Kazakhstan are the earthquakes of Bakanasskoye(1979,M=14,I=6～7)and Zaysanskoye (1990,M=7.0,K=16,I=8).Besides,there are territories that are platforms in tectonic aspect,but which have been undergone activization at neotectonic evolution stage (Mangishlak,Ariskum desert near the Aral sea).Their potential seismic hazards are not estimated in General Seismic Zoning Map(GSZ-78).Mentioned circumstances induce the necessity to compile new seismic zoning map.     

医学图像三维表面模型重建

三维表面模型重建是医学图像处理的重要内容,是将CT和MRI等医疗影像设备获得的二维图像重建成三维立体表面显示图像的过程.本文重点研究了其重建算法的具体实现:(1)在建模上采用了基于体素的三维物体体积重建;(2)在显示上提出了基于Ray-Casting的三维物体二维直接显示技术.所以,和传统采用三角面拟合的方法相比,具有图像重建过程无需生成中间数据、无需进行3D物体的边界检测等优点,同时该算法并行性好,易于采用硬件方法实现加速.因此,本研究为医学图像三维表面模型重建应用软件的开发打下了理论基础.