用地脉动H／V谱反演S波速度剖面

提出一种用三分量检波器接收到的地脉动信号的水平向与垂直向（H／V）谱进行反演来估计地下土层S波速度（VS）剖面的方法。为此，推导出了计算层状半空间中传播的面波H／V谱的理论公式，并且同时考虑了基阶及高阶振型的影响。然后提出了一种用地脉动H／V谱估计地下土层S波速度剖面的反演分析方法。假设浅部土层的VS值或厚度已知，求其余未知量。在6个不同场地上对观测的地脉动H／V谱进行了反演分析，获得了场地的浅部S波速度剖面。该结果与这些场地上已有的速度测井资料相一致，它和反演值之间的标准误差小于0．1，最大误差为0．2。     

第27章：海洋地震学

地震学是研究地震及与地震有关现象的学科，尤其是对地球内部物理性质的研究。海洋地震学只是针对在海洋进行观测的地震学。由于海洋覆盖了大多数的板块边界，所以大多数地震发生在洋底。这为在海洋进行近源地震观测和研究提供了契机。模拟地震波速度结构为了解正在进程中的地震过程和历史活动提供了基本方案。但由于缺少洋底宽频带地震数据，目前对全球范围的地球深部模拟工作开展得还比较有限。     

第28章：海啸

海啸是一种海洋重力波，是由海底地震或诸如火山喷发、滑坡等其他地质运动引起的。大多数海啸是由浅源大地震引起的，所以沿板块俯冲带分布（图1）。Tsunami（海啸）一词是日语，表示港口波的意思。海啸通常很小，在深海几乎看不出来，但是当其接近海岸或海港时，就会变得很大，并造成破坏。有时候，海啸被称为地震海洋波，或被错误地称为潮汐波。     

北美东部下方岩石层—软流层边界的清晰成像

板块构造理论关键在于相对坚硬的岩石层在松软的软流层上方运动的概念,但是目前人们对岩石层与软流层边界的性质还知之甚少。在这一边界中地震波速的梯度变化主要反映了造成这两层岩石强度不同的物理和化学特性。比如,如果岩石层仅仅是热边界层,由于其较低温度而比较坚硬,那么地幔对流模型(Kinget al,2000;Zaraneket al,2004)揭示在其底部的波速梯度可能持续数十千米。相反,如果软流层由于内部挥发物富集(Hirth and Kohlstedt,1996;Gahertyet al,1999;Karato and Jung,1998;Hirthet al,2000)或存在部分熔融(Anderson,1989)而变弱,那么岩…     

Bioaccumulation of radiocaesium in Arctic seals

Seals are high trophic level feeders that bioaccumulate many contaminants to a greater degree than most lower trophic level organisms. Their trophic status in the marine food web and wide-spread distribution make seals useful sentinels of arctic environmental change. The purpose of this investigation is to document the levels and bioaccumulation potential of radiocaesium in high latitude seal species for which data have not previously been available. The study was carried out on harp, ringed, and bearded seals caught north of the island archipelago of Svalbard (82°N) in 1999. The results are then compared with previous studies in order to elucidate factors responsible for bioaccumulation in Arctic seals. Concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs were determined in muscle, liver and kidney samples from a total of 10 juvenile and one adult seal. The mean concentration in muscle samples for all animals was 0.23±0.045 Bq/kg f.w. ¹³⁷Cs concentrations in both liver and kidney samples were near detection limits (≈0.2 Bq/kg f.w.). The results are consistent with previous studies indicating low levels of radiocaesium in Arctic seals in response to a long term trend of decreasing levels of ¹³⁷Cs in the Barents Sea region. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) estimated for seals from NE Svalbard are low, ranging from 34 to 130. Comparing these values with reported BCFs for Greenland seals from other sectors of the European Arctic, we suggest that the combination of physiological and ecological factors on radiocaesium bioaccumulation is comparable among different Arctic seal populations. The application of this work to Arctic monitoring and assessment programs is discussed.     

Alkylbenzenes in mussels from South and South East Asian coasts as a molecular tool to assess sewage impact

Alkylbenzenes, molecular markers of sewage, were measured in 34 green mussels collected from India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and the Philippines together with blue mussels collected from Tokyo Bay, Japan. Linear alkylbenzene (LAB) concentrations in South and South East Asian countries ranged from 10 to 1640 ng-∑LAB/g-dry tissue. In some populous cities, LAB concentrations were similar or higher than those found in northern Tokyo Bay which is heavily impacted by sewage effluents. I/E ratios (a ratio of internal to external isomers of LABs) in the South and South East Asian countries (1–3) were much lower than those in Tokyo Bay (3–8), indicating sewage discharged in the coastal zone is poorly treated (e.g., raw sewage and/or primary effluents). Alkylbenzenes with branched alkyl chains, tetrapropylene-based alkylbenzenes, were also detected in mussels from Indonesia and Philippines. This “tell-tale” sign indicates that poorly degradable detergents are still in use in this area, although they have long been phased-out in many industrialized countries.     

在日本和千岛海沟的地震概率预测中前震的利用

试图评估在可能前震发生后主震立即发生的概率,并根据沿日本和千岛海沟的可能前震,提出一种最优预测算法,同时还研究了该区域前活动的区域性变化,除了小余震外,每一个特定的地震或地震丛都被当作一次可能前震。确定可能前震的参数为：震级Ｍｔ,分区面积大小Ｄ°（纬度）＊Ｄ°（经度）,时间间隔Ｔｆ以及在该时空范围内所发生的地震次数Ｎｔ。但在本项研究中固定Ｔｆ为１０ｄ。将期望发生主震的空间限定在已经发生所提前震的地