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991.
Jannis Epting Andreas Wüest Peter Huggenberger 《Central European Journal of Geosciences》2012,4(1):81-93
This article presents hydrogeophysical investigations performed in a well-developed, long-term hydrogeological gypsum karst research site where subsurface evaporite dissolution has led to the subsidence of a river dam and an adjacent highway; both constructed on gypsum-containing rock, southeast of Basel, Switzerland. An observation system was set up to improve the protection of surface and subsurface water resources during remedial construction measures of the highway and in order to understand the processes, as well as the temporal evolution, of rock water interaction (flow and dissolution). However, no detailed hydrogeological information beneath the river could be derived from the previous investigations. To supplement the basic knowledge on this area, underwater Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) measurements were conducted in the river bed upstream of the dam. The ERT-data are interpreted together with drill-core information and a conceptual 3D-Model of the area behind the dam and beneath the river. Results help to delineate weathered zones, associated faults and the thickness of sediment deposits behind the dam, as well as to locate voids within the local karst system. The combination of the ERT and modeling allows the optimization of future site-specific remedial construction measures. 相似文献
992.
Michael Kühn Maja Tesmer Peter Pilz Robert Meyer Kurt Reinicke Andrea F?rster Olaf Kolditz Dirk Sch?fer 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(2):311-321
The joint research project CLEAN was conducted in the years 2008?C2011 by a German research and development (R&D) alliance of 16 partners from science and industry. The project was set-up as pilot project to investigate the processes relevant to enhanced gas recovery (EGR) by the injection of CO2 into a subfield of the almost depleted Altmark natural gas field. Despite the setback that permission for active injection was not issued by the mining authority during the period of the project, important results fostering the understanding of processes linked with EGR were achieved. Work carried out led to a comprehensive evaluation of the EGR potential of the Altmark field and the Altensalzwedel subfield in particular. The calculated safety margins emphasize that technical well integrity of the 12 examined boreholes is given for EGR without a need for any further intervention. The laboratory and field tests confirm that the Altensalzwedel subfield is suitable for the injection of 100,000?t of CO2. Numerical simulations provide sound predictions for the efficiency and safety of the EGR technology based on the CO2 injection. The development and testing of different monitoring techniques facilitate an improved surveying of CO2 storage sites in general. The CLEAN results provide the technological, logistic and conceptual prerequisites for implementing a CO2-based EGR project in the Altmark and provide a benchmark for similar projects in the world. 相似文献
993.
Hendrik Lamert H. Geistlinger U. Werban C. Schütze A. Peter G. Hornbruch A. Schulz M. Pohlert S. Kalia M. Beyer J. Gro?mann A. Dahmke P. Dietrich 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(2):447-462
Potential pathways in the subsurface may allow upwardly migrating gaseous CO2 from deep geological storage formations to be released into near surface aquifers. Consequently, the availability of adequate methods for monitoring potential CO2 releases in both deep geological formations and the shallow subsurface is a prerequisite for the deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage technology. Geoelectrical surveys are carried out for monitoring a small-scale and temporally limited CO2 injection experiment in a pristine shallow aquifer system. Additionally, the feasibility of multiphase modeling was tested in order to describe both complex non-linear multiphase flow processes and the electrical behavior of partially saturated heterogeneous porous media. The suitability of geoelectrical methods for monitoring injected CO2 and geochemically altered groundwater was proven. At the test site, geoelectrical measurements reveal significant variations in electrical conductivity in the order of 15?C30?%. However, site-specific conditions (e.g., geological settings, groundwater composition) significantly influence variations in subsurface electrical conductivity and consequently, the feasibility of geoelectrical monitoring. The monitoring results provided initial information concerning gaseous CO2 migration and accumulation processes. Geoelectrical monitoring, in combination with multiphase modeling, was identified as a useful tool for understanding gas phase migration and mass transfer processes that occur due to CO2 intrusions in shallow aquifer systems. 相似文献
994.
The Azores Current originating as a branch of the Gulf Stream is a highly dynamic system in the subtropical North Atlantic. The associated front forms the northeastern boundary of the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre. In this study we analyzed 42 years of assimilated modeled temperature fields to localize the position of the Azores Front at 22°W and observed a fast north- and southward propagation between 30°N and 37°N on monthly to decadal time scales. The North Atlantic Oscillation with correlated changes of the wind direction was identified as one driving mechanism. As the front is acting as a guide for Rossby waves, the signal of the front??s propagation is transferred to the western Atlantic and, among other atmospheric forcing mechanisms, induces a shifting of the Northern Wall of the Gulf Stream with one year delay. Shallower mixed layer depths in the northern frontal region of the Azores Current caused by the rise of the isotherms lead to nutrient supply and primary production different from those found in the southern frontal region of the current system. A high interannual variability is manifested in deep ocean particle flux, derived from a sediment trap in 2000 m water depth at the mooring site KIEL276 (33°N, 22°W) from 1993 to 2008, which is directly related to the phytoplankton bloom in the euphotic zone. This variability is explained by the propagation of the front and strong variations in the catchment areas of the sediment trap due to the associated eddy activity in the frontal region. 相似文献
995.
Acquisition and registration of terrestrial 3D laser scans is a fundamental task in mapping and modeling of cities in three dimensions. To automate this task marker-free registration methods are required. Based on the existence of skyline features, this paper proposes a novel method. The skyline features are extracted from panoramic 3D scans and encoded as strings enabling the use of string matching for merging the scans. Initial results of the proposed method in the old city center of Bremen are pre-sented. 相似文献
996.
Ionospheric delays can be efficiently eliminated from single-frequency data using a combination of carrier phases and code
ranges. Unfortunately, GPS and GLONASS ranges are relatively noisy which can limit the use of the positioning method. Nevertheless,
position standard deviations are in the range of 6–8 cm (horizontal) and 7–9 cm (3d) obtained from diurnal data batches from
selected IGS reference stations can be further reduced to 2–3 cm (3d) for weekly smoothed averages. GPS data sets collected
in Ghana (Africa) reveal a typical level of 10 cm of deviation that must be anticipated under average conditions. Looking
at the future of GNSS, the European Galileo system will, in contrast to GPS, provide the broadband signal E5 that is by far
less affected by multipath thus providing rather precise range measurements. Simulated processing runs featuring both high
ionospheric and tropospheric delay variations show a 3d position precision of 4 cm even for a data batch as short as just
1 h, whereas GPS L1/Galileo E1 performance is close to 13 cm for the same data set. 相似文献
997.
Christian Hirt Martin Schmitz Uwe Feldmann-Westendorff Gerhard Wübbena Cord-Hinrich Jahn Günter Seeber 《GPS Solutions》2011,15(2):149-159
The method of geometric-astronomical leveling is presented as a suited technique for the validation of GNSS (Global Navigation
Satellite System) heights. In geometric-astronomical leveling, the ellipsoidal height differences are obtained by combining
conventional spirit leveling and astronomical leveling. Astronomical leveling with recently developed digital zenith camera
systems is capable of providing the geometry of equipotential surfaces of the gravity field accurate to a few 0.1 mm per km.
This is comparable to the accuracy of spirit leveling. Consequently, geometric-astronomical leveling yields accurate ellipsoidal
height differences that may serve as an independent check on GNSS height measurements at local scales. A test was performed
in a local geodetic network near Hanover. GPS observations were simultaneously carried out at five stations over a time span
of 48 h and processed considering state-of-the-art techniques and sophisticated new approaches to reduce station-dependent
errors. The comparison of GPS height differences with those from geometric-astronomical leveling shows a promising agreement
of some millimeters. The experiment indicates the currently achievable accuracy level of GPS height measurements and demonstrates
the practical applicability of the proposed approach for the validation of GNSS height measurements as well as the evaluation
of GNSS height processing strategies. 相似文献
998.
T. Gnauk K. Müller E. Brüggemann W. Birmili K. Weinhold D. van Pinxteren G. Löschau G. Spindler H. Herrmann 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2011,68(3):199-231
The fractions of local traffic (LT), urban background (UBG) and regional background (RBG) of the particle pollution at a traffic-influenced
kerbside in Dresden, Germany, were determined by measurements of size-segregated mass concentration, chemical composition
and particle size distributions in a network of five measurement stations partly existing and partly set up for this study.
Besides the kerbside station, one urban background site and three rural sites were included in the study. Using data from
these different sites, the LT, UBG, and RBG contributions were calculated, following the approach of Lenschow et al. (2001). At the kerbside site, 19% of the total number concentration (DpSt = 10–600 nm) could be attributed to the RBG, 15% to the UBG, and 66% to the LT immediately nearby. Particle mass concentrations
up to Dpaer = 420 nm RBG amounts to 68%, UBG to 21%, and LT only to 11%. Highest mass concentrations were observed at all stations in
autumn and winter during easterly inflow directions. The local traffic fraction of PM10 mass at the kerbside station was found to be 30% for westerly inflow, but only 7% for southeasterly inflow due to the dominating
transport fraction from up to 80% of the particle mass at this inflow direction. Size-resolved investigation showed the main
fractions in both the particle size ranges of Dpaer = 0.42 to 1.2 and 0.14 to 0.42 μm at all stations. The main components sulphate, ammonium and total carbon showed higher
concentrations at south-eastern/eastern inflow in autumn at all stations, while nitrate at the kerbside and urban background
site was higher during westerly inflow in winter. The chemical composition at the regional background site at westerly inflow
(12% nitrate, 8% sulphate, 11% total carbon) was significantly different from that at easterly inflow (3% nitrate, 15% sulphate,
22% total carbon). The prevailing part of the ionic mass was always found in the fine particle range of Dpaer = 0.14 to 1.2 μm at all stations. For all inflow directions highest total carbon concentrations were observed at the kerbside
station, especially in the ultra-fine size range of Dpaer = 0.05 to 0.14 μm with up to 30% of the whole carbon. PAH concentrations were always higher at south-eastern/eastern inflow
especially during wintertime. Trace metal components and silicon were found mainly in the coarse mode fraction at the kerbside
resulting from abrasion or resuspension. 相似文献
999.
1000.
Luca M. Abbühl Kevin P. Norton John D. Jansen Fritz Schlunegger Ala Aldahan Göran Possnert 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2011,36(11):1464-1473
A steep escarpment edge, deep gorges and distinct knickzones in river profiles characterize the landscape on the Western Escarpment of the Andes between ~5°S and ~18°S (northern Peru to northern Chile). Strong north–south and east–west precipitation gradients are exploited in order to determine how climate affects denudation rates in three river basins spanning an otherwise relatively uniform geologic and geomorphologic setting. Late Miocene tectonics uplifted the Meseta/Altiplano plateau (~3000 m a.s.l.), which is underlain by a series of Tertiary volcanic‐volcanoclastic rocks. Streams on this plateau remain graded to the Late Miocene base level. Below the rim of the Meseta, streams have responded to this ramp uplift by incising deeply into fractured Mesozoic rocks via a series of steep, headward retreating knickzones that grade to the present‐day base level defined by the Pacific Ocean. It is found that the Tertiary units on the plateau function as cap‐rocks, which aid in the parallel retreat of the sharp escarpment edge and upper knickzone tips. 10Be‐derived catchment denudation rates of the Rio Piura (5°S), Rio Pisco (13°S) and Rio Lluta (18°S) average ~10 mm ky?1 on the Meseta/Altiplano, irrespective of precipitation rates; whereas, downstream of the escarpment edge, denudation rates range from 10 mm ky?1 to 250 mm ky?1 and correlate positively with precipitation rates, but show no strong correlation with hillslope angles or channel steepness. These relationships are explained by the presence of a cap‐rock and climate‐driven fluvial incision that steepens hillslopes to near‐threshold conditions. Since escarpment retreat and the precipitation pattern were established at least in the Miocene, it is speculated that the present‐day distribution of morphology and denudation rates has probably remained largely unchanged during the past several millions of years as the knickzones have propagated headward into the plateau. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献