ENSO anomalies over the Western United States: present and future patterns in regional climate simulations

Surface temperature, precipitation, specific humidity and wind anomalies associated with the warm and cold phases of ENSO simulated by WRF and HadRM are examined for the present and future decades. WRF is driven by ECHAM5 and CCSM3, respectively, and HadRM is driven by HadCM3. For the current decades, all simulations show some capability in resolving the observed warm-dry and cool-wet teleconnection patterns over the PNW and the Southwest U.S. for warm and cold ENSO. Differences in the regional simulations originate primarily from the respective driving fields. For the future decades, the warm-dry and cool-wet teleconnection patterns in association with ENSO are still represented in ECHAM5-WRF and HadRM. However, there are indications of changes in the ENSO teleconnection patterns for CCSM3-WRF in the future, with wet anomalies dominating in the PNW and the Southwest U.S. for both warm and cold ENSO, in contrast to the canonical patterns of precipitation anomalies. Interaction of anomalous wind flow with local terrain plays a critical role in the generation of anomalous precipitation over the western U.S. Anomalous dry conditions are always associated with anomalous airflow that runs parallel to local mountains and wet conditions with airflow that runs perpendicular to local mountains. Future changes in temperature and precipitation associated with the ENSO events in the regional simulations indicate varying responses depending on the variables examined as well as depending on the phase of ENSO.     

Climate change and human activities: a case study in Xinjiang, China

We examined both long-term climate variability and anthropogenic contributions to current climate change for Xinjiang province of northwest China. Xinjiang encompasses several mountain ranges and inter-mountain basins and is comprised of a northern semiarid region and a more arid southern region. Climate over the last three centuries was reconstructed from tree rings and temperature series were calculated for the past 50 years using weather station data. Three major conclusions from these analyses are: (1) Although temperature varied considerably in Xinjiang over the last 200 years, it was non-directional until the last 50 years when a substantial warming trend occurred; (2) The semiarid North Xinjiang was representative of the northern hemisphere climate, while the more arid South Xinjiang resembled the southern hemisphere climate, meanwhile, (3) The entire Xinjiang province captured the global-scale climate signal. We also compared human contributions to global change between North and South Xinjiang, including land cover/land use, population, and greenhouse gas production. For both regions, urban areas acted as heat islands; and large areas of grassland and forest were converted to barren land, especially in North Xinjiang. Additionally, North Xinjiang also showed larger increase in population and greenhouse gas emissions mainly associated with animal production than those in South Xinjiang. Although Xinjiang province is a geographically coupled mountain–basin system, the two regions have distinct climate patterns and anthropogenic activities related to land cover conversion and greenhouse gas production.     

Yangtze Delta floods and droughts of the last millennium: Abrupt changes and long term memory

Summary Climate variability and flood events in the Yangtze Delta, which is a low-lying terrain prone to flood hazards, storm tides and typhoons, are studied in terms of a trend and detrended fluctuation analysis of historical records. The data used in this paper were extracted from historical records such as local annuals and chronologies from 1000–1950 and supplemented by instrumental observations since 1950. The historical data includes frequencies of floods, droughts and maritime events on a decadal basis. Flood magnitudes increase during the transition from the medieval warm interval into the early Little Ice Age. Fluctuating climate changes of the Little Ice Age, which are characterised by arid climate events, are followed by wet and cold climate conditions with frequent flood hazards. For trend analysis, the Mann-Kendall test is applied to determine the changing trends of flood and drought frequency. Flood frequency during 1000–1950 shows a negative trend before 1600 A.D. and a positive trend thereafter; drought frequency increases after 1300. The detrended fluctuation analysis of the flood and drought frequencies reveals power law scaling up to centuries; this is related to long-term memory and is similar to the river Nile floods.     

1980-2005年海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林区气候突变与异常的初步研究

海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林作为典型的热带雨林生态系统之一,其长期的气候动态变化研究对全球变化研究有着重要的作用。采用1980--2005年海南尖峰岭森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站天池气象站地面常规气象观测资料,利用累积距平法和Mann—Kendall检验法分析了尖峰岭热带山地雨林区气候突变和气候异常。结果表明：近26a来,该区年平均气温、年平均地温、年平均最高最低气温、年积温和平均水汽压在1990年前后经历一次由低到高的突变,年平均风速在1993年经历由大到小的突变。在高强度ENSO事件发生的1998年,气温、地温均出现异常偏高,这些都表明该林区的森林气候变化正是对全球气候异常的明显响应过程。     

基于SPEI的中国西南地区1961-2012年干旱变化特征分析

利用1961—2012年中国西南地区86个气象站逐月降水量和平均气温资料,引入一个新的干旱指数——标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)作为干旱等级划分指标,研究了1961—2012年该地区不同时间尺度干旱的变化特征。结果表明:该地区12个月尺度干旱频率在云贵交界区呈显著增加趋势,其他区域变化不显著且不一致;少雨期(11—4月)6个月尺度干旱频率在全区显著增加,而在多雨期(5—10月)大部分区域干旱频率呈缓慢减少趋势,减少最明显的区域在四川南部;3个月尺度干旱频率在春季变化不明显,在秋季和冬季显著增加,其中2000—2012年的增加趋势尤为显著,干旱化趋势严重。     

秋季层状云中高值过冷水区的微物理特征

利用１１架次的机载“ＰＭＳ”资料,分析了山东秋季层状云中高值（大于０．１ｇ·ｍ~(－３)）过冷水区的微物理特征：最大过冷水含量为０．３６１ｇ·ｍ~(－３),８４．０％的过冷水含量在０．１～０．２ｇ·ｍ~(－３)间,过冷水连续出现的宽度８６．１％小于３．０ｋｍ。雪晶形状以霰粒和小雪粒为主。２阶(函数可以很好地拟合云滴尺度谱,质量谱适合用对数正态函数拟合。     

东营市秋冬季大雾天气分析

利用1971-2000年东营市及所辖3个县站的资料分析了地处黄河入海口的东营市大雾天气气候特征，结果表明：每年11月到次年的1月，是一年中大雾出现最岁的月份，广饶县大雾出现得最多，平均每年大雾日有22．7天。针对2006年9月20-23日连续大雾天气，分析了其高、低空环流形势，在此基础上总结了东营秋冬季大雾的预报着眼点。对于连续性大雾的第一天预报，需要湿度条件、辐射降温条件、风力条件均有利时才易出现大雾，而对于连续性的大雾，对辐射降温条件要求不高。     

低纬高原城市区域冬季晴天不同波长辐射的特征

利用低纬高原城市昆明城区内外不同波长辐射的实测资料,分析了研究得较少的城区内外不同波长辐射的分布特征、变化规律及其差异,主要结果如下：（１）城内因受周围大气环境质量的影响,各波长辐射量的变化离散性大于城外;不同波长辐射的绝对量和相对量（城内外比值）大多是城内小于城外,且以大气污染严重的午前差异显著。（２）低纬高原城市区域,冬季晴好天气时午前、午后不同波长射占总辐射的百分率存在差异;城内外各辐射的百     

Comparative analysis of different underlying surfaces using a high-resolution assimilation dataset in semi-arid areas in China

To study the land surface and atmospheric meteorological characteristics of non-uniform underlying surfaces in the semi-arid area of Northeast China, we use a “High-Resolution Assimilation Dataset of the water-energy cycle in China (HRADC)”. The grid points of three different underlying surfaces were selected, and their meteorological elements were averaged for each type (i.e., mixed forest, grassland, and cropland). For 2009, we compared and analyzed the different components of leaf area index (LAI), soil temperature and moisture, surface albedo, precipitation, and surface energy for various underlying surfaces in Northeast China. The results indicated that the LAI of mixed forest and cropland during the summer is greater than 5 m² m^?2 and below 2.5 m² m^?2 for grassland; in the winter and spring seasons, the Green Vegetation Fraction (GVF) is below 30%. The soil temperature and moisture both vary greatly. Throughout the year, the mixed forest is dominated by latent heat evaporation; in grasslands and croplands, the sensible heat flux and the latent heat flux are approximately equal, and the GVF contributed more to latent heat flux than sensible heat flux in the summer. This study compares meteorological characteristics between three different underlying surfaces of the semi-arid area of Northeast China and makes up for the insufficiency of purely using observations for the study. This research is important for understanding the water-energy cycle and transport in the semi-arid area.     

高原东部地区一次雹云成雹过程的数值模拟

本文利用一维半时变双参数积云模式，对高原东部地区一次西风槽影响下的冰雹天气过程进行了数值模拟。讨论了该雹云内的动力、热力特点以及过冷云滴、冰晶、霰、雹的产生和转化以及降水粒子碰并增长等物理过程。对高原雹云的成雹机制作了初步探讨