Analyses of rim-to-interior samples of fresh tholeiitic pillow basalts, deuterically altered holocrystalline basalts, and older, weathered tholeiitic basalts from the deep sea indicate that 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the older basalts are raised by low temperature interaction with strontium dissolved in sea water. 87Sr/86Sr correlates positively with H2O in these basalts; however, there is little detectable modification of the strontium isotope composition in rocks with H2O contents less than 1%. The isotope changes appear to be a function of relatively long-term, low-temperature weathering, rather than high-temperature or deuteric alteration. Strontium abundance and isotopic data for these rocks suggest that strontium content is only slightly modified by interaction with sea water, and it is a relatively insensitive indicator of marine alteration. Average Rb-Sr parameters for samples of apparently unaltered basalt are: Rb= 1.11ppm; Sr= 132ppm; 87Sr/86Sr= 0.70247. 相似文献
Summary The isoseismal map of the North-Italian earthquake of 6 May 1976 was compiled using the contributions of the European countries lying within the shaken area. The characteristic feature of the macroseismic field is discussed. 相似文献
The 1981–82 Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SME) mission is described. The SME experiment will provide a comprehensive study of mesospheric ozone and the processes which form and destroy it. Five instruments will be carried on the spinning spacecraft to measure the ozone density and its altitude distribution from 30 to 80 km, monitor the incoming solar ultraviolet radiation, and measure other atmospheric constituent which affect ozone. The polar-orbiting spacecraft will be placed into a 3pm-3 am Sun-synchronous orbit. The atmospheric measurements will scan the Earth's limb and measure: (1) the mesospheric and stratospheric ozone density distribution by inversion of Rayleigh-scattered ultraviolet limb radiance, and the thermal emission from ozone at 9.6 m; (2) the water vapor density distribution by inversion of thermal emission at 6.3 m; (3) the ozone photolysis rate by inversion of the O2(1g) 1.27 m limb radiance; (4) the temperature profile by a combination of narrow-band and wide-band measurements of the 15 m thermal emission by CO2; and, (5) theNO2 density distribution by inversion of Rayleighscattered limb radiance at 0.439 m. The solar ultraviolet monitor will measure both the 0.2–0.31 m spectral region and the Lyman-alpha (0.1216 m) contribution to the solar irradiance. This combination of measurements will provide a rigorous test of the photochemical equilibrium theory of the mesospheric oxygen-hydrogen system, will determine what changes occur in the ozone distribution as a result of changes in the incoming solar radiation, and will detect changes that may occur as a result of meteorological disturbances. 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Die neuen Geschiebeuntersuchungen bestätigen die Erfahrung, daß jede Vereisung ihren besonderen Geschiebeinhalt besitzt. Für die Elster-Vereisung spielen ostfennoskandische, für die Saale-Vereisung westfennoskandische Geschiebe die Hauptrolle. Im jüngeren Diluvium sind alle Geschiebegruppen etwa gleich stark an der Zusammensetzung des Geschiebeinhaltes beteiligt. Das Ostseebecken tritt besonders in der Warthe-Vereisung als Hauptlieferant von Geschieben auf. Von der Pommerschen Phase ab ergeben sich stark differenzierte Geschiebeverhältnisse.Von einer Gleichartigkeit des Geschiebebestandes von Holland bis Ostpreußen, wieKummerow meint, kann man demnach nicht sprechen. Scharf abgetrennte Sonderungen des Geschiebeinhaltes nach Gesteinsprovinzen oder sogar noch kleineren Heimatgebieten haben sich für kristalline Geschiebe in Norddeutschland nicht ergeben. Sie waren nach den mehrfach richtungswechselnden Gletscherbahnen und bei der Rolle des norddeutschen Diluviums als Randbildung einer großen fennoskandischen Eismasse auch nicht zu erwarten. Die Unterschiede in der Beteiligung von 4 großen Geschiebegruppen genügen aber, um das Alter von Diluvialablagerungen an ihren Geschieben zu erkennen. Die Durchführung derartiger stratigraphischer Aufgaben ist durch die Heranziehung von 80 neuen kristallinen Leitgeschieben verbessert. Auf der verbreiterten Grundlage ist natürlich auch eine verfeinerte Analyse der Gletscherbahnen und des Vereisungsmechanismus überhaupt im großen und kleinen Maßstabe möglich. Man darf sich allerdings dabei nicht verhehlen, daß nun zwar die Grundzüge, aber noch längst nicht die Einzelgeschehnisse des Eiszeitalters geklärt sind. An dieser Aufgabe mitzuwirken, ist auch die Geschiebeforschung berufen und in vielen, oben dargetanen Fällen durch keine andere Forschungsart zu ersetzen. Daß Untersuchungen kristalliner Geschiebe je nach Neigung nebenbei oder hauptsächlich petrographisch, paläogeographisch oder rein sammlungsmäßig-heimatkundlich dankbare Objekte abgeben, dafür sind aus den Arbeiten der letzten 5 Jahre ebenfalls einige Beispiele angeführt. 相似文献
Abstract The source of the world's largest river has fascinated scientists and adventurers for a long time. Extensive studies have been undertaken in the unexplored Llogueta River valley, Cordillera Chila, to identify the main stream of the Amazon River. Analysis of the Lloqueta River network and measurements of its hydrographic and hydrometric characteristics are presented in this study. On the basis of the acquired data, the northern hillside of the Cordillera Chila massif, concretely the basins of four mountainous courses—the Carhuasanta, Apacheta, Ccaccansa and Sillanque rivers—should be regarded as the headwaters territory of the Amazon River. Factors influencing the river system—glaciers and soils—were examined for each catchment. Glacier retreat in the last 50 years has left perennial snowfields only in the highest part of the study area, resulting in modification of the headwater runoff regimes. Preliminary results are afforded by the continual automatic water-level monitoring of the Lloqueta River since June 2008. Our investigations have determined that all types of soil in the area could be classified into two main categories: hydromorphic soils or poorly developed cryic soils. Citation Janský, B., Engel, Z., Kocum, J., ?efrna, L. & ?esák, J. (2011) The Amazon River headstream area in the Cordillera Chila, Peru: hydrographical, hydrological and glaciological conditions. Hydrol. Sci. J.56(1), 138–151. 相似文献
Cenozoic volcanism in the Great Basin is characterized by an outward migration of volcanic centers with time from a centrally located core region, a gradational decrease in the initial Sr87/Sr86 ratio with decreasing age and increasing distance from the core, and a progressive change from calc-alkalic core rocks to more alkalic basin margin rocks. Generally each volcanic center erupted copious silicic ignimbrites followed by small amounts of basalt and andesite. The Sr82/Sr86 ratio for old core rocks is about 0.709 and the ratio for young basin margin rocks is about 0.705. Spatially and temporally related silicic and mafic suites have essentially the same Sr87/Sr86 ratios. The locus of older volcanism of the core region was the intersection of a north-south trending axis of crustal extension and high heat flow with the northeast trending relic thermal ridge of the Mesozoic metamorphic hinterland of the Sevier Orogenic Belt. Derivation of the Great Basin magmas directly from mantle with modification by crustal contamination seems unlikely. Initial melting of lower crustal rocks probably occurred as a response to decrease in confining pressure related to crustal extension. Volcanism was probably also a consequence of the regional increase in the geothermal gradient that is now responsible for the high heat flow of the Basin and Range Province. High Sr isotopic ratios of the older core volcanic rocks suggests that conditions suitable for the production of silicic magmas by partial fusion of the crust reached higher levels within the crust during initial volcanism than during production of later magmas with lower isotopic ratios and more alkaline chemistry. As the Great Basin became increasingly attenuated, progressively lower portions of the crust along basin margins were exposed to conditions suitable for magma genesis. The core region became exhausted in low temperature melting components, and volcanism ceased in the core before nearby areas had completed the silicic-mafic eruption cycle leading to their own exhaustion of crustal magma sources. 相似文献
Insight into the causes of the annual and semi-annual ozone oscillations may be gained from the analysis of photochemical model behavior. In this paper, the monthly variations of the ozone mixing ratio computed by the two-dimensional photochemical model of Garcia and Solomon (1983, J. geophys. Res. 88, 1379) are Fourier-analyzed and compared with SBUV observations of ozone mixing ratio. Remarkably good qualitative agreement between the model calculations and the observations is found. Analysis of computed transport and chemical production and destruction rates reveals the causes of the modelled seasonal ozone variations.
It will be shown that at high latitudes and low altitudes, modelled ozone abundances increase in the winter due to transport and decrease in the summer due to chemical destruction. In the middle stratosphere, the calculated annual ozone variation is largely due to the annual variation in the odd-oxygen production rate, and in the upper stratosphere, the computed annual ozone variation is caused by the large calculated annual oscillation in temperature. Comparison between the model and observations suggests that the equatorial semi-annual oscillation above 10 mb is caused mainly by the semi-annual temperature and wind oscillation (SAO). Below 10 mb the computed equatorial ozone variation is caused by the increased rates of odd-oxygen production associated with the semi-annual zenith crossings of the Sun. Finally, the calculated polar semi-annual ozone oscillations are found to be caused by modulation of the radiatively driven middle-stratospheric ozone variation by temperature dependent chemical destruction processes. 相似文献
A recently active normal fault and extensional crevasse on the western insular slope/rise boundary of Iceland adjoins a rotational
slump that moved as the lower block of an active growth fault. A slump off SE Greenland is contrasted to the western Iceland
slope/rise feature in translational movement and slump morphology. Bergschrund-like extensional cracks and valleys at the
heads of slumps serve as troughs channeling gravity flows into established canyons on the midrise. Distinctive characteristics
of buried canyons and levees may be confused with slump or slide surfaces and related subbottom features that have similar
seismic reflection qualities. Examples are defined forGrowth Fault/Rotational Slumps, andTranslational Displacement Slumps. 相似文献