汶川地震应急监测评估方法研究

以汶川地震灾害应急遥感监测评估过程为例,介绍了利用遥感技术等手段对巨灾灾情进行应急监测评估的技术方法,并重点对四川、陕西和甘肃3省受灾较重的152个县(市、区)进行了应急评估.结果表明,汶川地震房屋倒损严重,受灾人口分布点多面广,受灾程度总体上与断裂带分布呈明显对应关系,山区受灾重于平原,农村重于城镇.四川省汶川、北川、青川、绵竹等12个县(市、区)受灾极为严重,甘肃省文县和陕西省勉县等受灾相对较重,利用地面调查数据验证,证明了评估结果具有较高的准确性.提出了基于遥感数据研判、空间分析外推技术的自下向上、逐级汇总的应急评估技术路线,能够发挥遥感数据的优势,也能保证应急评估的时效性,同时有利于组织大规模协同运行与综合结果生成,具有良好的科学性和可操作性,特别适合于巨灾灾情遥感应急评估工作.     

方解石矿物包裹体中水的氢同位素组成在线测试方法

水是矿物流体包裹体的重要组成,承载着流体性质和演化信息。提取矿物包裹体中水的方法主要有真空破碎法及爆裂法。为了减少真空破碎法表面积增大引起水的吸附以及爆裂法在高温下发生同位素交换反应,本文自制了一个在线提取装置,以高纯He作为载气,与高温裂解装置—稳定同位素质谱仪(EA/HT-IRMS)相连,进行一系列的条件实验,确认了方解石矿物包裹体中水的氢同位素组成在线测试的关键技术参数。实验证实,当爆裂温度为420℃、爆裂时间为5 min、含水量为0.1～0.3μL时,利用在线提取装置—EA/HT-IRMS对方解石矿物包裹体中水的δD进行测试的精密度优于±1.5‰(1σ)。相对于传统离线分析方法,本方法实现方解石矿物包裹体中水的在线提取及氢同位素组成的在线测试,简化了操作流程,并提高实验测试效率。     

Progress in the Study of Marine Stable Nitrogen Isotopic Changes and Its Geological Records

Marine stable nitrogen isotope containing much key biogeochemical information, is an important way in identifying marine nitrogen sources and understanding the marine nitrogen cycles. These isotopic signals can be preserved in marine sediments and used to trace the marine biogeochemical cycles and environment changes during geological history. Studies in recent decades have illustrated the key role of nitrogen fixation and denitrification. Because of the spatiotemporal variability and the complexity of ocean processes and nitrogen sources in the marine environment, we need to combine the modern observations with geological records, integrate oceanography, biology, and geology, and consider the hydrological environment, geological processes and climate changes, to understand the coupling between the ocean nitrogen cycle, climate and environmental changes.     

Improving explicit time integration by modal truncation techniques

This paper describes a modal weighting technique that improves the stability characteristics of explicit time-integration schemes used in structural dynamics. The central difference method was chosen as the trial algorithm because of its simplicity, both in terms of formulation and ease of numerical stability and convergence analysis. It is shown how explicit algorithms may be reformulated in order to make them stable for any integration time by attenuating high-frequency oscillation modes that are generated by mesh geometry rather than generic dynamical features. We discuss results from trial calculations obtained from mathematical models that represent hysteretic restoring force elements and an application on a physical, four-degree-of-freedom, base-isolated structure using the pseudodynamic technique. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A hybrid deterministic and stochastic approach for tsunami hazard assessment in Iquique,Chile

Natural Hazards - This paper presents an investigation of the collapse of a 325-year-old multi-tiered heritage temple during the 2015 Gorkha earthquake in Kathmandu, Nepal. The research comprises a...     

基于BP神经网络和FEFLOW模型模拟预测多年冻土活动层温度

土壤温度是陆面过程中地-气系统间能量与物质交换的重要参数, 它的动态变化及其对气候变化的响应也是研究陆面过程的关键问题之一。在全球变暖背景下, 研究青藏高原多年冻土活动层土壤热状况动态变化, 对深入了解高原活动层厚度的变化特征及下垫面的热力作用均有重要意义。利用BP神经网络模型, 对青藏高原风火山地区的地表温度进行了模拟, 并利用输出的地表温度驱动FEFLOW模型对研究区活动层不同深度土壤温度进行了模拟。与各深度土壤温度观测值对比发现, 均方根误差介于0.09 ~ 1.78 ℃, 纳什效率系数介于0.86 ~ 0.98, 模拟效果良好。结合BP神经网络模型和FEFLOW模型预测了研究区未来50年活动层热状况的动态变化过程, 结果表明： 在0.02、 0.048、 0.07 ℃·a^-1三种升温情景下, 50年后研究区活动层厚度将分别增加19.4、 51.8、 64.7 cm, 土壤升温幅度随着深度的增加逐渐减小。同时发现, 随着气温不同程度的升高, 土壤开始融化的时间在不断提前, 开始冻结的时间则不断延迟, 这种规律随着土壤深度的增加而减弱, 但不同深度土壤冻融过程对气温升高的响应差异却随着增温速率的增大而逐渐减小。     

基于Siamese卷积神经网络的影像瓦片变化检测技术

针对地理信息变化较快而传统更新方式效率不高的问题,目前许多学者提出了各类变化检测的方法,但这些方法大都是基于影像数据进行试验,对影像预处理要求较高,且检测精度的稳定性较差,受数据源质量影响较大。而天地图、百度地图、谷歌地图等地图中均可免费下载各种级别的影像瓦片,因此本文提出利用天地图影像瓦片进行试验,采用Siamese卷积神经网络（SCNN）和深度学习技术,开发基于SCNN的高精度变化监测算法,以快速发现变化区域,实现地理信息变化信息检测。     

Tidal and annual variability of the population structure of Eurytemora affinis in the middle part of the Seine Estuary during 2005

Annual variability in abundance and population structure of the copepod Eurytemora affinis was studied in the maximum turbidity zone of the Seine Estuary in 2005. An Eulerian sampling strategy was applied monthly from March to July and from September to December. Chlorophyll a and suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration, copepod abundance and stage distribution, and phytoplankton abundance were measured in sub-surface and near-bottom water during the ebb phase. Total E. affinis abundance was at a maximum in March and April (>200 × 10³ ind. m⁻³), and decreased from May to September (<25 × 10³ ind. m⁻³). This decrease corresponds to annual increases in temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a concentration and phytoplankton abundance, which was dominated by large diatoms, and decreases in SPM and river discharge. The phenology observed in 2005 was almost two months earlier compared to previous studies in the 1990s, when E. affinis reached maximum abundance in May and June. The low proportion of nauplii (<50%) in the population and high abundance of ovigerous females suggests that low recruitment is probably related to anomalously low temperatures in late winter (<5 °C). Whatever the horizontal position of the population in the estuary, adult and late copepodid stages are distributed in higher salinity than naupliar stages. Overall E. affinis population abundance was driven by parameters that characterize water masses at the tidal scale and by river discharge and chlorophyll a at the annual scale. By integrating the tidal effect, the high-frequency sampling protocol used appears to be optimal for investigating annual variability of planktonic communities in megatidal estuaries.     

The 2010 tsunami in Chile: Devastation and survival of coastal small-scale fishing communities

In 2010, a tsunami generated by a magnitude 8.8 earthquake struck the central-south zone of Chile. This short communication reports the direct impacts on the small-scale artisanal fishing capacity and coastal livelihoods along approximately 600 km of the coastline. Despite the magnitude of the catastrophe, the absence of official warnings, and the failure of telecommunication networks only 8 fisher victims were reported out of a total death toll of more than 170. Results show that this trend is explained by socio-cultural assets and a natural hazard subculture. This highlights the need to integrate contextual and behavioural approaches in disaster management and rehabilitation policies.