Visualization of Volcanic Rock Geochemical Data and Classification with Artificial Neural Networks

An unsupervised neural network technique, Growing Cell Structures (GCS) was used to visualize geochemical differences between four different island arc volcanic rock types: basalts, andesites, dacites and rhyolites. The output of the method shows the cluster structure of the dataset clearly, and the relevant geochemical patterns and relationships between its variables. The data can be separated into four clusters, each associated with a specific volcanic rock type (basalt, andesite, dacite and rhyolite), according to a unique combination of major element concentrations. Following clustering, performance of the trained GCS network as a classifier of volcanic rock type was tested using two test datasets with major element concentration data for 312 and 496 island arc volcanic rock samples of known volcanic type. Preliminary classification results are promising. In the first test dataset 94% of basalts, 76% of andesites, 83% of dacites and 100% of the rhyolites were classified correctly. Successful classification rates in the second dataset were 100%, 80%, 77%, and 98% respectively. The success of the analysis suggests that neural networks analysis constitutes a useful analytical tool for identification of natural clusters and examination of the relationships between numeric variables in large datasets, and that can be used for automatic classification of new data.     

中国精准扶贫的省域差异及影响因素

基于地理学视角,运用省域尺度的相关资料和数据,从扶贫标准、扶贫方式、扶贫主体等方面,探寻中国精准扶贫存在的省域差异,并分析了区域自然环境条件、省域资源禀赋、经济社会条件等因素对精准扶贫的影响。在扶贫标准上,经济发展水平较高的省份扶贫标准较高,经济发展水平较低的省份扶贫标准较低;在扶贫对象识别上,各省在结合自身精准扶贫实践的基础上实施了具有地域特色的扶贫识别方法;扶贫方式方面,各省不同程度实施了产业扶贫、金融扶贫等;扶贫主体上,中央政府财政转移支付和省内各级政府对行政区域的扶贫为中国各省域精准扶贫的主要形式。     

Palaeomagnetism and K-Ar ages of triassic igneous rocks from the Ischigualasto-Ischichuca Basin and Puesto Viejo Formation,Argentina

The palaeomagnetism of Middle Triassic (224 ± 5 m.y.) igneous rocks from the Ischigualasto-Ischichuca Basin (67°40′W, 30°20′S) was investigated through 86 oriented hand samples from 11 sites. At least one reversal of the geomagnetic field has been found in these rocks. Nine sites yield a palaeomagnetic pole at 239°E, 79°S (α₉₅ = 15°, k = 13).The K-Ar age determinations of five igneous units of the Puesto Viejo Formation give a mean age of 232 ± 4 m.y. (Early Triassic). The palaeomagnetism of six igneous units of the Puesto Viejo Formation (68°W, 35°S) was investigated through 60 oriented samples. These units, two reversed relative to the present magnetic field of the Earth and four normal, yield a pole at 236°E, 76°S (α₉₅ = 18°, k = 14).Data from the Puesto Viejo Formation indicate, for the first time on the basis of palaeomagnetic and radiometric data, that the Illawarra Zone, which defines the end of the Kiaman Magnetic Interval, extends at least down to 232 ± 4 m.y. within the Early Triassic. The palaeomagnetic poles for the igneous rocks of the Ischigualasto-Ischichuca Basin and Puesto Viejo Formation form an “age group” with the South American Triassic palaeomagnetic poles (mean pole position: 239°E, 77°S; α₉₅ = 6.6°, k = 190). The Middle and Upper Permian, Triassic and Middle Jurassic palaeomagnetic poles for South America would define a “time group” reflecting a quasi-static interval (mean pole position: 232°E, 81°S; α₉₅ = 4°, k = 131).     

关于卫星影像多项式法纠正中若干问题的分析

二次多项式方法在卫星影像纠正处理过程中已得到广泛应用。纠正影像的精度取决于控制点的数量与分布状况,根据经验,在一景卫片上一般选取25～30个均匀分布的控制点即可满足影像平面精度的要求。多景影像拼接涉及到无缝镶嵌问题;应用ERDAS IMAGINE将多景已纠影像拼接为一体,作为Photoshop的背景影像,应用Photoshop的图像编辑与处理功能修改存在误差的线状地物影像,可实现影像无缝镶嵌。评定纠正影像的平面精度一般采用3种方法：一是精度估算;二是对照参考图量测同名点误差、计算平面精度;三是测算接边精度。     

哈拉湖地区低频可控震源天然气水合物地球物理响应特征研究

我国陆域天然气水合物主要分布于青藏高原和漠河地区.由于永久冻土层的存在,地震勘探很难获得高品质的资料,给天然气水合物勘探带来了诸多困难.为解决冻土层对地震信号的衰减问题,在哈拉湖地区采用低频可控震源进行地震资料采集试验,通过提高覆盖次数,获得了较高信噪比的地震资料.在高质量地震资料基础上,进行精细速度分析,获得了较准确的叠加速度谱资料;然后以层速度剖面为基础建立正演模型,开展天然气水合物地震正演模拟研究;最后利用叠后偏移地震数据进行地震属性分析.通过正演模拟和地震属性综合研究,总结了天然气水合物的地球物理响应特征,速度突变和空白反射带可作为哈拉湖地区陆域天然气水合物识别的敏感因素.     

太阳活动,El Nino对北京地区降雨的影响及预测

本文通过对北京地区１９００年以来雨量,气温与太阳活动,厄尔尼诺的相关处理分析,得出一种预测北京地区年雨量的数学模型,已准确预测了１９９６,１９９７年的年雨量,对１９９８年预测为７５０ｍｍ～８００ｍｍ。     

Circulation Features Associated with the Record-breaking Typhoon Silence in August 2014

Climatologically, August is the month with the most tropical cyclone(TC) formation over the western North Pacific(WNP) during the typhoon season. In this study, the reason for abnormal TC activity during August is discussed—especially August 2014, when no TCs formed. The large-scale background of August 2014 is presented, with low-level large-scale easterly anomalies and anticyclonic anomalies dominating over the main TC genesis region, a weak monsoon trough system,and a strong WNP subtropical high(WPSH), leading to significantly reduced low-level convergence, upper-level divergence,and mid-level upward motion. These unfavorable large-scale conditions suppressed convection and cyclogenesis. In August2014, equatorial waves were inactive within the negative phase of the Madden–Julian Oscillation(MJO), with fewer tropical disturbances. Although the low-level vorticity and convection of those disturbances were partly promoted by the convective envelopes of equatorial waves, the integral evolution of disturbances, as well as the equatorial waves, were suppressed when propagating into the negative MJO phase. Moreover, the upper-level potential vorticity(PV) streamers associated with anticyclonic Rossby wave breaking events imported extratropical cold and dry air into the tropics. The peripheral tropospheric dryness and enhanced vertical wind shear by PV streamer intrusion combined with the negative MJO phase were responsible for the absence of TC formation over the WNP in August 2014.     

初值中云变量对T213预报性能的影响

采用云变量自由变化的方案,在国家气象中心全球业务模式T213L31的初始场中增加有关云变量的信息,通过2005年6—8月和2015年12月—2006年2月各3个月的连续滚动对比试验的统计分析和个例预报分析,研究探讨了全球模式初值中增加云变量对模式预报性能的影响。初步研究结果表明：采用自由变化的方案在初值场中增加云的信息,使模式能够较为合理地描述出模式预报初期与云相关变量分布和变化特征,降低了spin-up现象对模式前期降水预报能力的影响,同时对500 hPa形势场预报也有一定程度提高。     

基于历史文献的1470-2008年中国西北地区气候干湿序列分区重建

基于历史文献中的旱涝灾害记录,采用5级制划分的旱涝灾害等级,使用系统聚类法将中国西北地区19个站点划分为7个分区,利用湿润指数公式重建了西北地区7个分区1470-2008年的年分辨率干湿变化序列,比较分析了各分区干湿气候变化的阶段特征、周期性及跃变现象。结果表明：重建序列信度较高,可用作气候干湿变化研究。西北地区7个分区1470-2008年干湿变化存在着11 a、25~35 a和80~100 a的3类周期变化。其中,11 a和25~35 a的两个周期变化在整个分析时间段内表现得较为稳定;80~100 a的周期变化则表现的较不稳定。世纪尺度和气候代尺度的跃变信号各区皆有出现,位于研究区两边的陕西和玉树地区出现最少,宁夏和格尔木地区次之;位置居中的兰州、张掖、西宁等地区跃变信号出现最多,是气候干湿变化的敏感地带。检测出的干湿跃变信号主要集中在17世纪前后,近百年气候干湿变化则相对稳定。     

大别地块东南缘变质P-T条件及锆石U-Pb年代学研究

大别山东南缘高压-超高压地块一直为研究的热点地区,人们普遍认同其是由2个具有不同变质级别的单元构成,并以此为基点探讨大别造山带的俯冲、折返机制.然而,由于工作程度所限,对于大别山腹地店前-寺前-罗溪地区一直缺乏详细的资料,对其确实的变质属性及年龄并不清晰,限制了人们对该地区客观的结构单元划分的准确理解.本次通过区域变质岩石学和年代学的研究,详实地分析了该地块的结构构成.研究显示,大别山东南缘高压-超高压地块由2个超高压单元和1高压单元构成,并呈岩石-构造岩片形式相互叠置,其变质P-T条件分别为:(1)单元-Ⅰ:-T=723±22℃和-P=3.90±0.43GPa(金刚石稳定域);(2)单元-Ⅱ:-T=630 ±45℃和P=3.10 ±0.23GPa(柯石英稳定域);(3)单元-Ⅲ:-T=545±24℃和-P=2.48±0.11GPa(石英稳定域).锆石U-Pb年龄表明这三个单元具有穿时性,形成于不同的时间段,自单元-Ⅰ、单元-Ⅱ至单元-Ⅲ,年龄分别为226.4±2.6Ma→230.1±3.5Ma→235.2±4.2Ma年龄(徐旭峰等,2013).在空间分布上自北向南,总体的峰期变质P-T条件逐渐降低,年龄则逐渐变老.但由于风化剥蚀作用,在马龙-石马一线的单元-Ⅰ以构造窗形式产出,致使P-T条件呈现跳跃性的变化.石永红等:大别地块东南缘变质P-T条件及锆石U-Pb年代学研究