TYPHOON ACTIVITY IN NORTHWEST PACIFIC IN RELATION WITH EL NINO AND LA NINA EVENTS

Statistic and typical-year composition methods are used to study the northwest Pacific typhoon activities in relation with the EI Niño and La Niña events. The result indicates that the typhoon tends to be inactive in the EI Niño years and active in the La Niña years and it is also dependent on the onset and ending time and intensity of the events and areas of genesis of typhoons. With statistic features of the frequency of typhoon activity in the EI Niño and La Niña years and the time-lag correlation between the frequency and sea surface temperature(SST), useful information is provided for the prediction of typhoon occurrence. In addition, the singular values disassemble(SVD)method is applied to study the correlation between the geopotential field and SST field. The result shows that the air-sea coupling in the EI Niño years is unfavorable for the typhoon to develop. Which take place with a smaller number. Opposite situations are found with the La Niña years.     

超新星遗迹X射线研究

在此介绍我们基于ＡＳＣＡ 和ＲＯＳＡＴ 等Ｘ 射线天文卫星,对３Ｃ３９７ 、Ｇ３２７ ．１１ ．１ 、Ｇ２１ ．５０ ．９ 和ＲＸＪ１７１３ ．７３９４６ 等超新星遗迹的物理特性进行的分析,简要地讨论了３Ｃ３９７ 的非平衡电离双热分量和双极泡结构以及Ｇ３２７ ．１１ ．１ 和Ｇ２１ ．５０ ．９ 中隐匿脉冲星的性质,并提出ＲＸＪ１７１３ ．７３９４６ 和ＡＤ３９３ 客星之间可能的关系。     

Improvement of spatial interpolation accuracy of daily maximum air temperature in urban areas using a stacking ensemble technique

ABSTRACT

The reliable and robust monitoring of air temperature distribution is essential for urban thermal environmental analysis. In this study, a stacking ensemble model consisting of multi-linear regression (MLR), support vector regression (SVR), and random forest (RF) optimized by the SVR is proposed to interpolate the daily maximum air temperature (T_max) during summertime in a mega urban area. A total of 10 geographic variables, including the clear-sky averaged land surface temperature and the normalized difference vegetation index, were used as input variables. The stacking model was compared to Cokriging, three individual data-driven methods, and a simple average ensemble model, all through leave-one-station-out cross validation. The stacking model showed the best performance by improving the generalizability of the individual models and mitigating the sensitivity to the extreme daily T_max. This study demonstrates that the stacking ensemble method can improve the accuracy of spatial interpolation of environmental variables in various research fields.     

基于特征向量法的地基红外高光谱反演大气温湿廓线附加影响因子分析

在地基高光谱遥感中,特征向量法获取的温湿廓线以初值的方式对物理反演进行约束,其反演精度对物理反演结果有着重要的影响。利用AERI的观测辐射资料和同站点的探空数据,基于特征向量法分析了温度廓线与湿度廓线反演的异同点;研究了主成分个数的选择问题,综合考虑反演精度和特征向量中包含的信息将反演温度廓线和湿度廓线的最优主成分个数定为7。为提高反演精度,引入地面温度、湿度、气压作为影响因子,试验结果表明,考虑反演精度和稳定性,地面气压的引入相比于其他2种单一气象要素以及3种气象要素组成的因子集表现更好,尤其是对边界层中下部的温湿廓线有着明显的提升,并随着高度的降低提升作用更明显,温度廓线RMSE降低最高达到1.5K,湿度廓线RMSE降低最高达到0.42g/kg。同时,分析了对数反演形式对湿度廓线的影响,结果表明,以水汽混合比的形式反演时取自然对数对反演精度的影响较小;将反演得到的水汽混合比转化为相对湿度后,取自然对数对反演精度有12%以上的提升。     

基于核安全导则推荐方法的京津冀龙卷风灾害评估

本文根据美国《建筑和其它结构最小设计荷载》中t秒平均最大风速与1h平均最大风速的比值公式,推导出EF级别和F级别风速测量标准间的转换方法,将京津冀1956—2016年122个龙卷风个例由EF等级转化为F等级,再按照《核电厂厂址选择的极端气象事件》HAD101/10中推荐的龙卷风风险评估方法,对京津冀龙卷风风险度进行了定量评价,结果表明:京津冀122个龙卷风个例的风程1/4mile平均最大风速均比3s平均最大风速低,平均偏低2.1m·s~(-1),风速越大,两者差距越小;122个龙卷风个例分布在F0到F3共4个等级中,F0等级31个,F1等级78个,F2等级12个,F3等级1个;京津冀龙卷风发生次数最多依次为天津、唐山和张家口市,分别为21、21和14次,强龙卷发生最多的是廊坊市(3个),衡水、承德、保定、北京4个市没有发生过强龙卷;京津冀发生超越EF1、EF2、EF3、EF4等级龙卷风重现期分别为5.8、10.1、20.2、49.5a,发生超越F1、F2、F3、F4等级龙卷风重现期分别为4.9、13.8、38.5、130.7a;京津冀一年中单位面上(1km~2)10~(-7)概率水平对应的龙卷风设计基准风速为73.4m·s~(-1)。     

The Dar al Gani meteorite field (Libyan Sahara): Geological setting,pairing of meteorites,and recovery density

Abstract— As of July 2001, 1238 Libyan meteorites have been reported. Most were found in two areas called Dar al Gani and Hamadah al Hamra. Dar al Gani is located on a plateau of marine carbonate rocks with marly components. Eight‐hundred and sixty‐nine meteorites between 6 g and 95 kg totalling 687 kg have been found here but the calculated mean recovery density is comparatively low with one meteorite on 6.5 km². Dar al Gani is a perfect site for the recognition and preservation of meteorites. The existence of meteorites is the result of a combination of specific geological and geomorphological conditions: there is a bright‐colored, old limestone plateau (<2 Ma), under arid weather conditions over long periods of time, with rapid elimination of surface water if present and low erosion rates. The preservation of meteorites is guaranteed through the absence of quartz sand on the plateau, strongly reducing wind erosion and a basic environment emerging from the carbonate ground retards rusting of metallic meteorite components. A supposed soil cover during pluvial times has probably protected older meteorites and led to a concentration of meteorites of different periods. An evaluation of Dar al Gani meteorites suggests the existence of at least 26 strewnfields and 26 meteorite pairs reducing the number of falls to, at most, 534. Shock and weathering grades as a tool for the recognition of pairings turned out to be problematic, as several strewnfields showed paired meteorites which had been classified to different shock and weathering grades.     

Acoustic-Gravity Wave Propagation in a Measured Atmosphere

Summary An atmosphere is modelled by averaging measurements taken at eight locations for 1968 September 9. The effectiveness of the modelling is evaluated by comparing the atmospheric dispersion properties determined from an experimentally recorded signal resulting from a nuclear explosion on that date and those computed from the model atmosphere. The effects of atmospheric winds are shown to change the dispersion properties.
A theoretical barogram is synthesized for a receiver located 7930 km from the source and is compared to the recorded signal for the event. Barograms are synthesized for two different source functions and the source functions are discussed.     

A SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL INTENSITY IN A BASOTHO VILLAGE OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

The effect of distance upon agricultural production should be as apparent among primitive subsistence agriculturalists as in market-oriented societies. This analysis of yield variations among the Basotho of southern Africa attempts to determine the frictional effect of distance. The results show that distance does not explain variations in yield even when other physical factors are held constant. Perhaps such variables as household characteristics, not included in the analysis, would provide a better explanation.     

Chronology of late wisconsinan glaciation in middle North America

We propose a chronology of late Wisconsinan glacial fluctuations in middle North America, from Alberta to Wisconsin, based on radiocarbon dates derived solely from wood. Previous chronologies of the southwestern margin of the North American Continental Ice Sheet have depended to a considerable degree on radiocarbon dates from fine-grained organic sediment. This material is commonly contaminated with older carbon, resulting in chronologic confusion. By using only dates from wood, much of the confusion disappears. However, because of the scarcity of wood dates, only four of the sixteen identified fluctuations are accurately dated: an advance into Iowa about 14,000 to 13,500 BP, an advance into South Dakota and Iowa about 12,300 BP, an advance into the Lake Michigan basin about 11,700 BP, and an advance into the Lake Superior basin about 9900 BP. In addition, the beginning of late Wisconsinan glaciation, before 20,000 BP, is fairly well documented. None of the fluctuations in the western part of the region are accurately dated.     

Horizontal and vertical distribution of PCBs and chlorinated pesticides in sediments from Masan Bay,Korea

Horizontal and vertical distributions of organochlorine compounds (OCs) were determined in sediments from Masan Bay. The concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), HCB, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and chlordane related compounds (CHLs) in sediments were in the range of 1.24-41.4, 0.28-89.2, 0.02-0.59, nd-1.03, and nd-2.56 ng/g, respectively. The spatial distribution of OCs showed a negative gradient from the inner of the bay to outer part of the bay, indicating that the source of OCs was probably located inside the bay. Compositional pattern of PCB congeners showed a relatively high concentration of high-chlorinated congeners in the inner part of the bay and a relatively low concentration of low-chlorinated congeners in the outer part. In sediment core from Masan Bay maximum concentrations of PCBs and DDTs are observed in the subsurface samples and correspond to an age of early 1980s and late 1960s. The concentration profiles of PCBs and DDTs in sediments of Masan Bay appear to correspond to use of PCBs and DDTs in Korea.