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91.
David J. Morgan 《The Professional geographer》1978,30(3):302-308
In this issue THE PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER presents the first two reports in a series on the Association's long-range planning process, which was described by Past President Marcus in May. David Morgan outlines here the results of a survey of members' attitudes on a number of important questions. 相似文献
92.
Antonio?Acosta-Vigil David?LondonEmail author George?B.?Morgan VI 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2005,149(3):276-287
This study examines hydration–diffusion in the metaluminous haplogranite system at 200 MPa H2O and 800–300°C. At 800°C hydration is accompanied by melting and uphill diffusion of sodium from anhydrous glass toward the region of hydration and melting, whereas potassium diffuses away from the hydration front and into anhydrous glass. Silicon and aluminum are simply diluted upon hydration. There is no change in molecular Al/(Na + K) throughout the entire hydration-diffusion aureole and, therefore, (1) there is no loss of alkalis to the vapor, and (2) K migrates to replace Na in order to maintain local charge balance required by IVAl. Alkali diffusion occurs over a viscosity contrast from 104.1 Pa s in hydrous liquid to 1011.8–1013.5 Pa s in anhydrous glass. From these results, we interpret that: (1) Na is structurally or energetically favored over K as a charge-balancing cation for IVAl in hydrous granitic liquids, whereas the opposite behavior has been observed for anhydrous melts, and (2) the diffusion of alkalis through silicate melts is largely independent of viscosity. Results from 600°C are similar to those at 800°C, but hydration at 300°C involves a loss of Na and concomitant increase in molar Al/(Na + K) in the hydration zone due to hydrogen-alkali exchange between fluid and glass. Hydration behavior at 400°C is transitional between those at 300°C and 600°C, suggesting that the change in hydration mechanism occurs near the glass transition. 相似文献
93.
Brian?Garvey Ian?P.?CastroEmail author Giles?Wiggs Joanna?Bullard 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,117(3):417-446
Wind-tunnel measurements of the flow over an isolated valley both normal and at an angle (45°) to a simulated neutrally stable
atmospheric boundary layer are presented. Attention is concentrated on the nature of the flow within the valley itself. The
work formed part of a wider study that included detailed field measurements around an African desert valley and some limited
comparisons with that work are included. A scale of about 1:1000 was used for the laboratory work, in which an appropriate
combination of hot wire and particle image velocimetry was employed. For a valley normal to the upwind flow, it is shown that
the upstream influence of the valley extends to a distance of at least one half of the axial valley width upstream of the
leading edge, whereas differences in mean flow and turbulence could be identified well beyond two valley widths from the downwind
edge. Non-normal wind angles lead to significant along-valley flows within the valley and, even at two valley heights above
the valley ridge level, there remains a significant spanwise flow component. Downwind turbulence levels are somewhat lower
in this case, but are still considerably higher than in the undisturbed boundary layer. At both flow angles, there are significant
recirculation regions within the valleys, starting from mean separation just beyond the leading edge, but the strong spanwise
flow in the 45° case reduces the axial extent of the separated zone. The flow is shown to be in some ways analogous to flow
over an isolated hill. Our results usefully enhance the field data and could be used to improve modelling of saltation processes
in the field. 相似文献
94.
The coral reefs in Bermuda's Castle Harbour basin have been subjected to varying anthropogenic stressors for over 100 years. These include restriction of water flow through the construction of a causeway in the late 19th century and an extensive dredging and land reclamation operation during World War II. In the 1970s, disposal of bulk waste commenced at a foreshore reclamation site in Castle Harbour. Since 1996 the waste stream has included blocks of cement-stabilized municipal incinerator ash. This study provides a historical and quantitative ecological review of the Castle Habour reef ecosystem as a case study, assessing the responses of the reef to more than a century of anthropogenic disturbance. Measures of the coral community, flow rates, turbidity and sedimentary regimes suggest the present structure of the coral community largely reflects the impacts of the historic dredge and fill operations prior to the establishment of the foreshore dump site. Recent increases in the abundance of some sediment tolerant, massive reef-building coral species (Diploria strigosa and Montastraea cavernosa) suggest adaptation to chronic sediment stress. 相似文献
95.
We explore the detailed polarization behaviour of pulsar 0823 + 26 using the technique of constructing partial ‘mode-separated’
profiles corresponding to the primary and secondary polarization modes. The characteristics of the two polarization modes
in this pulsar are particularly interesting, both because they are anything but orthogonal and because the secondary mode
exhibits a structure seen neither in the primary mode nor in the total profile. The new leading and trailing features in the
secondary mode, which appear to represent a conal component pair, are interpreted geometrically on the basis of their width
and the associated polarization-angle traverse as an outer cone.
If the secondary-mode features are, indeed, an outer cone, then questions about the significance of the pulsar’s postcursor
component become more pressing. It seems that 0823 + 26 has a very nearly equatorial geometry, in that both magnetic poles
and the sightline all fall close to the rotational equator of the star. We thus associate the postcursor component with emission
along those bundles of field lines which are also equatorial and which continue to have a tangent in the direction of our
sight line for a significant portion of the star’s rotation cycle. It seems that in all pulsars with postcursor components,
this emission follows the core component, and all may thus have equatorial emission geometries. No pulsars with precursors
in this sense — including the Crab pulsar — are known.
The distribution of power between the primary and secondary modes is very similar at both 430 and 1400 MHz. Our analysis shows
that in this pulsar considerable depolarization must be occurring on time scales that are short compared to the time resolution
of our observations, which is here some 0.5–1.0 milliseconds. One of the most interesting features of the modeseparated partial
profiles is a phase offset between the primary and secondary modes. The secondary-mode ‘main pulse’ arrives some 1.5 ± 0.1‡
before the primary-mode one at 430 MHz and some 1.3 +0.1 ‡ at 21 cm. Given that the polar cap has an angular diameter of 3.36‡,
we consider whether this is a geometric effect or an effect of differential propagation of the two modes in the inner magnetosphere
of the pulsar. 相似文献
96.
Joseph Morgan 《Marine Policy》1984,8(4):299-310
If problems of ocean management are to be solved the seas must be divided up into appropriate regions. Regional boundaries can be based on factors of physical geography or on economic, political or management principles. South-east Asia, with complicated land-sea boundaries, provides a number of examples of different types of marine regions, which can be used as case study examples of problems and solutions in regionalizing the oceans. Eight regional types and locations are described and discussed, and it is concluded that regional arrangements for management or the solution of problems are at present limited to three: the Malacca-Singapore Straits, Andaman Sea and Celebes Sea. 相似文献
97.
98.
Antonio?Acosta-VigilEmail author David?London George?B.?Morgan 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2006,151(5):539-557
We have experimentally investigated the kinetics of melting of an aplitic leucogranite (quartz+sodic plagioclase of ≈Ab90+K-feldspar+traces of biotite) at 690, 740, and 800°C, all at 200 MPa H2O. Leucogranite cylinders, 3.5 mm in diameter and 7 mm in length, were run in the presence of excess H2O using cold-seal pressure vessels for 11–2,925 h. At 690 and 740°C and any experimental time, and 800°C and short run times, silicate glass (melt at run conditions) occurs as interconnected films along most of the mineral boundaries and in fractures, with the predominant volume occurring along quartz/feldspars boundaries and quartz/plagioclase/K-feldspar triple junctions. Glass film thickness is roughly constant throughout a given experimental charge and increases with experimental temperature and run duration. The results indicate that H2O-saturated partial melting of a quartzo-feldspathic protolith will produce an interconnected melt phase even at very low degrees (<5 vol%) of partial melting. Crystal grain boundaries are therefore completely occluded with melt films even at the lowest degrees of partial melting, resulting in a change in the mechanism of mass transport through the rock from advection of aqueous vapor to diffusion through silicate melt. At 690 and 740°C the compositions of glasses are homogeneous and (at both temperatures) close to, but not on, the H2O-saturated 200 MPa haplogranite eutectic; glass compositions do not change with run duration. At 800°C glasses are heterogeneous and plot away from the minimum, although their molar ratios ASI (=mol Al2O3/CaO+Na2O+K2O) and Al/Na are constant throughout the entire charge at any experimental time. Glass compositions within individual 800°C experiments form linear trends in (wt%) normative quartz–albite–orthoclase space. The linear trends are oriented perpendicular to the 200 MPa H2O haplogranite cotectic line, reflecting nearly constant albite/orthoclase ratio versus variable quartz/feldspar ratio, and have endpoints between the 800°C isotherms on the quartz and feldspar liquidus surfaces. With increasing experimental duration the trends migrate from the potassic side of the minimum toward the bulk rock composition located on the sodic side, due to more rapid (and complete) dissolution of K-feldspar relative to plagioclase. The results indicate that partial melting at or slightly above the solidus (690–740°C) is interface reaction-controlled, and produces disequilibrium melts of near-minimum composition that persist metastably for up to at least 3 months. Relict feldspars show no change in composition or texture, and equilibration between melt and feldspars might take from a few to tens of millions of years. Partial melting at temperatures well above the solidus (800°C) produces heterogeneous, disequilibrium liquids whose compositions are determined by the diffusive transport properties of the melt and local equilibrium with neighboring mineral phases. Feldspars recrystallize and change composition rapidly. Partial melting and equilibration between liquids and feldspars might take from a few to tens of years (H2O-saturated conditions) at these temperatures well above the solidus. 相似文献
99.
The level of Cliff Lake, a small, subalpine, moraine-dammed lake in California’s south central Sierra Nevada, was approximately
5 m lower than present for 50 years or more approximately 600 years ago, this determined by radiocarbon dating of wood recovered
from a submerged tree stump found in the lake. This finding corresponds to commensurate data from throughout much of western
North America, suggesting the duration and magnitude of terminal medieval megadrought was similar throughout the region. Ultimately
this datum helps give credence to the perspective that though late Holocene climate in California was indeed variable, the
effects of terminal Medieval megadrought was similar across both time and broad geographic expanse. 相似文献
100.
Javier Rodríguez Zaurín Joanna Holt Clive N. Tadhunter Rosa M. González Delgado 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2009,324(2-4):225-229
We use long-slit spectra taken with the William Herschel Telescope on La Palma and high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope imaging to study the gas kinematic in the halo of the ultraluminous infrared/radio galaxy PKS1345+12 (z=0.122). Our long-slit spectra show line splitting at the locations of massive star clusters ( $10^{6}<M_{\mathrm{SSC}}^{\mathrm{YSP}}<10^{7}$ M⊙), indicating that they are moving at up to 450 km?s?1 with respect to the local ambient gas. Given their kinematics, it is plausible that these super star clusters have been formed either in fast-moving gas streams or tidal tails that are falling back into the nuclear regions as part of the merger process, or as a consequence of jet-induced star formation linked to the extended, diffuse radio emission detected in the halo of the galaxy. 相似文献