Recent Advance in the Interior Structure and Dynamics of Venus

Venus is similar to the Earth in size， mass， composition and distance to the sun. However， Venus has neither plate tectonics nor dynamo that exists on the Earth. The lithosphere of Venus is very thick based on its topography and gravity. The admittance and correlation between Venusian geoid and topography are very high， suggesting that they are strongly influenced by the internal dynamical process of Venus. Analyses show that there may be 10 Hawaii-like mantle plumes in Venusian mantle. Data from Venus Express has shown evidence for recent active volcanism among several of these plumes. The distribution of impact craters on Venus shows that Venusian surface has a young age and the age is averaged about 500 Ma， suggesting that Venus may have experienced a global resurfacing event. However， whether this resurfacing is catastrophic or equilibrium is still under debate. It is also unclear whether Venus had plate tectonics in the past， is it always in stagnant lid regime， or might it have an entirely different mode？In general， the style of mantle convection on Venus is quite different from that of the Earth which is manifested by the plate tectonics. Here we reviewed the main observations including gravity， topography and surface tectonics which provide constrains on the interior structure and dynamics of Venus， and recent advance in the interior structure and dynamics of Venus. This review aims to provide new insights into the interior dynamics of Venus.     

Comparison of upscaling cropland and non-cropland map using uncertainty weighted majority rule-based and the majority rule-based aggregation methods

Aggregation method is seriously impacted by the landscape characteristics, which has been emphasized due to proportional errors. This research proposed an uncertainty weighted majority rule-based aggregation method (UWMRB) to upscale the cropland/non-cropland map. The Cropland Data Layer for 2016 at 30m resolution, with its corresponding confidence level data, were collected to conduct the experiment using UWMRB and majority rule-based aggregation method. Proportional errors of crop/non-crop were used to assess the accuracy of the two methods. Ordinal logistic regression was used to obtain the probability of an error occurring to predict the uncertainty of both methods. The results show that UWMRB can achieve the lower proportional errors with lower uncertainty. Also, it can reduce the influence of complexity and fragmentation of landscape on aggregation performance. Additionally, the examination of UWMRB provides an important view of application of uncertainty information for upscaling land cover maps in an efficient way.     

In situ stress state and seismic hazard in the Dayi seismic gap of the Longmenshan thrust belt

Science China Earth Sciences - In the Longmenshan thrust belt, the Dayi seismic gap, an area with few earthquakes, is located between the ruptures of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and the 2013...     

Modified method for estimating the organic carbon density of discontinuous soils in peak-karst regions in southwest China

Precise estimation of soil organic carbon storage is essential to assess carbon sequestration in soils at a regional scale. However, there is great uncertainty regarding such estimations for discontinuous soils, especially in peak-karst regions where soil is distributed between horizontal cracks and vertical fissures. In this study, a modified method was developed to estimate the soil organic carbon density (SOCD) in peak-karst regions in southwest China, and four typical sites were selected to evaluate this methodology. Compared with the conventional method, additional soil distribution characters, such as the average depth and the proportions of the ground surface area represented by continuous soil, soil in cracks and fissures, soil on rocks, and rocky soil, were considered in the estimation. The SOCD under each vegetation type was calculated by totaling the SOCD values for the various types of soil surfaces, and the SOCD for a site was then totaled using the weighted mean method based on vegetation. Using the modified method, the SOCD values were estimated for the four typical sites selected. The estimation results demonstrated that the SOCD values for the karst sites (6.39, 7.52, and 9.22?kg?m^?2) were lower than that for the red soil site (10.01?kg?m^?2). The SOCD values estimated for the karst sites using the proposed method ranged from 24.3 to 89.6% of the estimates obtained using the conventional method, reflecting previous overestimations. The differences in the estimated SOCD values were mainly due to soil distribution characters.     

东海陆架盆地丽水西凹古新统砂岩储层成岩作用及成岩演化

东海陆架盆地丽水西凹古新统发育多种类型储层,通过4口典型井的岩心薄片鉴定、物性测试、碳氧同位素测试等手段,对丽水西凹古新统砂岩储层成岩作用、成岩演化和孔隙演化进行了研究。结果表明：（1）丽水西凹古新统砂岩储层以浅海-三角洲相中细粒岩屑砂岩为主,成分成熟度与结构成熟度较低,矿物组成以岩屑为主,石英、长石次之;（2）砂岩经历了机械压实、碳酸盐岩与黏土矿物胶结、长石溶蚀等成岩作用,灵峰组下段砂岩储层碳酸盐胶结物形成于淡水成岩环境,明月峰组及灵峰组上段砂岩储层碳酸盐胶结物形成于混合水成岩环境,恢复的成岩温度介于76~141℃之间;（3）古新统明月峰组下段及灵峰组上段砂岩处于早成岩B期,灵峰组下段及月桂峰组砂岩处于中成岩A期;（4）砂岩储层经历了压实减孔（－18.3%）、早期胶结减孔（－3.9%）、溶蚀增孔（＋4.8%）、晚期胶结减孔（－6.7%）的孔隙演化过程,各套砂岩储层经历了差异化的成岩演化过程,分别发育以机械压实作用、碳酸盐岩与黏土矿物胶结作用、不稳定碎屑溶蚀作用为主要特征的成岩演化类型。明月峰组下段及灵峰组上段砂岩发育优质储层,灵峰组下段和月桂峰组砂岩以更具勘探难度的非常规致密砂岩储层为主,研究成果对深入认识丽水西凹古新统砂岩储层,指导油气勘探具有重要意义。

     

人工施肥对水稻扇型植硅体形态发育的影响及其意义

研究人类施肥对水稻典型细胞形态发育是否存在显著影响,有可能成为判别水稻考古证据中人类如何驯化农作物的重要依据。本研究通过对比分析人工施肥(NPK处理)与不施肥(CK处理)不同生育时期(从分蘖期、灌浆期、到成熟期)‘中嘉早17’(籼稻)水稻机动细胞扇型植硅体形态特征,结果发现：1)人工施肥(NPK)扇型植硅体形态尺寸(扇宽HL 33.4~41.5μm、扇长VL 36.9~49.4μm)显著大于不施肥(CK)扇型植硅体(HL 20.0~29.3μm、VL 22.9~32.5μm),而且随着生育时期发育,施肥和不施肥处理的扇型植硅体形态尺寸都呈现增加的趋势;2)NPK扇型植硅体形态B/A比值(扇面长/扇柄长)(0.74_分蘖期~0.93_成熟期)与CK植硅体的B/A比值(0.58_分蘖期~0.94_成熟期)比较,没有显著变化,但是随着生育时期发育都呈现长柄型明显减少、短柄型明显增加的趋势;3)NPK植硅体≥9个鱼鳞纹比例(中位数44.5 %、平均数约60.0 %)大于CK植硅体≥9个鱼鳞纹比例(中位数27.8 %、平均数约54.0 %),且随着生育时期发育都呈现出增多的趋势。本文首次研究了施肥对典型水稻品种水稻机动细胞扇型植硅体形态发育的影响,初步揭示了扇型植硅体形态特征在水稻驯化研究中的潜在指示意义。

     

湖泊沉积物粒度多组分特征及其成因机制研究

利用高分辨率激光粒度仪MS2000对安固里淖、三台河以及长江等多个地点湖泊和河流沉积物样品细粒部分的粒度多组分分布特征进行了系统、深入研究。总结了其粒度分布特征及组分间差异并讨论了其成因机制。研究认为:1)湖泊沉积物粒度一般由多个组分叠加构成,表现为多组分粒度分布特征,其受控于水动力强度和搬运方式等因素。2)粒度分布最多可有6个组分（中值粒径范围分别为①150μm,⑤150～700μm,⑥>700μm）,其中前4个组分属悬浮组分（③组分是流域内风成作用强弱的判别标志）,⑤为跳跃组分,⑥为滚动组分,整体分选性差。3)据粒度分布特征可分为湖滨、过渡和湖心三相,三相间粒度分布特征有明显差异,同时又存在此消彼长的良好过渡关系。湖滨相以④组分为优势组分,该组分含量越高,指示沉积物越靠近湖滨;过渡相④组分含量随距湖心距离靠近而减小,但②组分含量却在逐渐增加;湖心相以②组分占主导优势,该组分含量越高,指示沉积物越靠近湖心。4)湖相沉积物受湖滨拍岸浪和湖心波浪的影响而产生了明显的粒度分异规律。     

构建时空融合模型进行水稻遥感识别

传统变化检测手段进行水稻遥感识别受"云污染"和影像间配准误差导致的变化检测误差累积及"椒盐"现象的影响,水稻遥感识别精度低。本文提出时空融合模型(Temporal-Spatial-Fusion Model,TSFM)进行水稻遥感识别,旨在综合像元在时间、空间维度上的信息定义像元的水稻时空归属度,根据时空归属度划分阈值提取水稻。实验结果表明:在不同窗口尺度下,TSFM在整体和"云污染"区域对水稻提取均达到了较高精度。当窗口尺度为3×3时,水稻提取的用户精度、制图精度和总体精度分别达到93.4%、83.5%和87.9%。在不同窗口尺度下水稻提取的用户精度、制图精度、总体精度均高于分类后比较PCC(Post-Classification Comparison)和多数投票法(Majority Voting,MV);在"云污染"区域,水稻识别总体精度均在92.0%以上,水稻制图精度比PCC、MV分别至少提高了14.0%、7.6%。有效地解决了传统变化检测作物遥感识别存在的误差累积问题,在一定程度上避免了"云污染"和"椒盐"现象对识别结果的影响。另外,初步探讨了TSFM水稻提取精度与景观特征关系,发现在景观规整区域适宜采用较小的窗口,在破碎区域适宜采用较大的窗口。该方法的成功实施,为大范围开展秋粮作物遥感识别,消除"云"影响进行了前期实验探讨。     

桃江锰矿锰帽形成的地球化学过程

桃江锰矿区发育有较完整的表生氧化剖面,根据不同深度矿石的结构构造,矿物组合及化学成分特征,将表生氧化剖面分成三个带：氧化矿石带,地渡矿石带和原生矿石带。桃江锰矿原生矿石矿物主要为含锰碳酸盐,表生富集作用包括两上地球化学过程;可溶杂质的溶解淋失作用和锰质的氧化残留作用。在过渡矿石带中,可溶性杂质发生大规模溶解迁移,锰质发生相对富集;氧化矿石带中,碳酸锰氧化成难溶的高价锰的氧化物,使锰质残留下来,形成     

俯冲带地震循环的数值模拟——以日本Tohoku MW9.0地震为例

基于滑移弱化摩擦准则,以日本2011年Tohoku MW9.0地震为例,建立一个以物理规律控制地震循环过程的二维有限元数值模型。结果显示,参考模型在1 000 a间的6次大地震表现出特征地震的规律,地震重复周期约161 a,单位破裂长度地震矩为1.13×1020 Nm/km,在两次大地震中间会发生一次5.62×1018 Nm/km的小地震。参考模型的数值结果与地表同震GPS位移、震间GPS速度分布具有较好的一致性。模型弹性参数的不确定性对同震以及震间形变的影响有限,模型粘性参数主要影响震间形变场。数值计算也显示,假设震间形变仅由断层运动规律所决定,那么在一个地震周期内,模型空间重力异常基本上随时间均匀变化,在大陆一侧距海沟100 km处可达-370 μGal;速度场的变化主要发生在震后约5 a的时间内,此后基本保持稳定增加。