IP/VPN准实时传输地震波形数据的质量分析和效益评价

本文介绍了广东数字地震遥测台网数据传输的各种方式,分析了IP/VPN准实时传输地震波形数据的传输质量,总结出了IP/VPN传输具有无丢数误码、断点续传、经济实惠、安全可靠等特点,该技术的使用不仅使地震波形数据传输的质量大大提高,运行率完全达到规范要求,而且提高了台网地震监测能力、扩大了台网监控范围;为加强地方地震工作发挥了重要的作用,取得了明显的社会、经济效益。     

Seismogenic structures of the 2006 M<Subscript>L</Subscript>4.0 Dangan Island earthquake offshore Hong Kong

The northern margin of the South China Sea, as a typical extensional continental margin, has relatively strong intraplate seismicity. Compared with the active zones of Nanao Island, Yangjiang, and Heyuan, seismicity in the Pearl River Estuary is relatively low. However, a M_L4.0 earthquake in 2006 occurred near Dangan Island (DI) offshore Hong Kong, and this site was adjacent to the source of the historical M5.8 earthquake in 1874. To reveal the seismogenic mechanism of intraplate earthquakes in DI, we systematically analyzed the structural characteristics in the source area of the 2006 DI earthquake using integrated 24-channel seismic profiles, onshore–offshore wide-angle seismic tomography, and natural earthquake parameters. We ascertained the locations of NW- and NE-trending faults in the DI sea and found that the NE-trending DI fault mainly dipped southeast at a high angle and cut through the crust with an obvious low-velocity anomaly. The NW-trending fault dipped southwest with a similar high angle. The 2006 DI earthquake was adjacent to the intersection of the NE- and NW-trending faults, which suggested that the intersection of the two faults with different strikes could provide a favorable condition for the generation and triggering of intraplate earthquakes. Crustal velocity model showed that the high-velocity anomaly was imaged in the west of DI, but a distinct entity with low-velocity anomaly in the upper crust and high-velocity anomaly in the lower crust was found in the south of DI. Both the 1874 and 2006 DI earthquakes occurred along the edge of the distinct entity. Two vertical cross-sections nearly perpendicular to the strikes of the intersecting faults revealed good spatial correlations between the 2006 DI earthquake and the low to high speed transition in the distinct entity. This result indicated that the transitional zone might be a weakly structural body that can store strain energy and release it as a brittle failure, resulting in an earthquake-prone area.     

Crustal structure revealed by a deep seismic sounding profile of Baijing-Gaoming-Jinwan in the Pearl River Delta

The Pearl River Estuary area, located in the middle part of the southern China coastal seismic belt, has long been considered a potential source of strong earthquakes above magnitude 7.0. To scientifically assess the potential strong earthquake risk in this area, a three-dimensional artificial seismic sounding experiment, consisting of a receiving array and seabed seismograph, was performed to reveal the deep crustal structure in this region. We used artificial ship-borne air-gun excitation shots as sources, and fixed and mobile stations as receivers to record seismic data from May to August 2015. This paper presents results along a line from the western side of the Pearl River Estuary to the western side of the Baijing-Gaoming-Jinwan profile. A two-dimensional velocity structure was constructed using seismic travel-time tomography. The inversion results show that the Moho depth is 27 km in the coastal area and 30 km in the northwest of the Pearl River Estuary area, indicating that the crust thins from land to sea. Two structural discontinuities and multiple low-velocity anomalies appear in the crustal section. Inside both discontinuity zones, a low-velocity layer, with a minimum velocity of 6.05 km s~(-1), exists at a depth of about 15 km, and another, with a minimum velocity of 6.37 km s~(-1), exists at a depth of about 21.5 km between the middle and lower crust. These low velocities suggest that the discontinuities may consist of partly molten material. Earthquakes with magnitudes higher than 5.0 occurred in the low-velocity layer along the profile. The deep Kaiping-Enping fault, rooted in the crust, may be one of the most important channels for deep material upwelling and is related to tectonic movement since the Cretaceous in the Pearl River Delta tectonic rift basin.     

土地覆盖遥感制图方法研究现状与展望

区域尺度土地利用/覆盖分类研究是当今国际上开展土地利用/覆盖变化研究的重要领域之一。及时、准确地获取地球表面特性对于掌握人类和自然现象之间的关系和相互作用至关重要。本文根据土地覆盖遥感分类方法特点,从硬分类方法、软分类方法以及最新的软硬分类方法出发,总结了国内外的各研究成果,分析了各种方法的分类策略与特点及其方法适用性。研究结果表明：软硬分类方法能够灵活适用于遥感图像上纯净、混合像元并存的特点,可以有效解决光谱的异质性,在土地覆盖遥感监测中具有广阔的应用潜力。文中提出了基于变端元的软硬分类土地覆盖制图方法框架,并指出了今后的研究重点。     

深度学习农作物分类的弱样本适用性

基于大数据驱动的深度学习挖掘图像数据的规律和层次已成为遥感影像解译的研究热点。海量标签样本是训练深度学习模型的前提条件,但成本昂贵的人工标记样本限制了深度学习技术在遥感领域的应用。本文提出了一种基于弱样本的深度学习模型农作物分类策略：以GF-1影像为数据源,将传统分类器SVM分类结果视为弱样本,训练深度卷积网络模型DCNN (Deep Convolutional Neural Networks),获取辽宁省水稻和玉米的空间分布,分析弱样本的适用性。结果显示：测试集总体精度达到0.90,水稻和玉米F1分数分别为0.81和0.90;在不同地形地貌、复杂种植结构的农业景观下均表现出良好的分类效果;与SVM结果的空间一致性为0.90;当弱样本最大面积误差比例小于0.36时,弱样本仍适用于DCNN作物分类,结果的总体精度保持在0.86以上。综上,该策略一定程度上消除了深度学习模型对大量人工标记样本高度依赖的局限性,为实现大尺度农作物遥感分类提供了一种新途径。     

广东新地震参数目录的编制

数字地震台网除了能产出传统地震三要素外,还具备产出更多与震源和介质相关的参数的能力,如:品质因子Q、地震矩、应力降和震源半径等。这些参数的测定丰富了台网产出,提高了台网监测效能。本文回顾了在广东地震台网开展新地震参数目录编制的过程,对"九五"台网系统和"十五"台网系统得到的结果进行了对比,通过在JOPENS/MSDP台网数据处理软件中外挂震源参数模块,使新地震参数目录的产出实用化。讨论了求解新地震参数目录的一些注意问题。     

介质不均匀性和断层倾角对同震位移场影响的数值模拟

利用三维有限元数值模拟方法,定量研究了介质不均匀性和断层倾角变化对同震位移场的影响。模拟结果显示：1）在均匀及纵向分层介质模型中,对于垂直走滑断层地震,水平位移场分量与介质的泊松比呈较弱的负相关,垂直位移场与介质的泊松比呈正相关,水平位移场与剪切模量呈正相关,垂直位移场与剪切模量呈负相关;2）模型介质的横向变化对同震位移场有较大影响,剪切模量的横向变化对地震位移场影响最大,且两者呈负相关,在垂直走滑断层地震中,保持断层一侧块体的介质参数不变、减半另一侧块体的剪切模量,剪切模量减半的块体中的最大垂直位移分量增大55.6%;3）倾角对同震位移场有重要影响。断层附近,倾角对位移场起控制作用,对于高倾角逆冲断层(60°~90°),上盘断层附近区域的水平位移场出现反向,反向区域的范围随倾角的增大而增大,当倾角为90°时,上盘水平位移场全部反向;断层倾角增大时,断层附近下盘的水平位移场的增大幅度较大。     

景观破碎度在冬小麦面积抽样设计中的应用研究

将破碎度指标引入到遥感抽样调查中,重点探讨了面积规模指标与破碎度指标在分层抽样中的适用性。实验结果表明:在种植结构破碎区域,面积规模指标与破碎度指标的相关系数均在0.7以上,可以作为分层标志,随着抽样格网不断增加,面积规模指标的相关系数不断增大,而破碎度指标的相关系数则不断减小。当格网小于100m×100m时,破碎度指标作为分层标志效果要优于面积规模指标;在种植结构规整区域,面积规模指标要始终优于破碎度指标,破碎度指标更适合于种植结构破碎、抽样单元较小的遥感抽样调查方案中作为分层标志进行应用。     

稻田土壤碳循环关键微生物过程的计量学调控机制探讨

稻田生态系统碳循环是我国陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,微生物驱动的稻田土壤碳循环(输入、分配、稳定等过程)的生物地球化学过程是土壤碳循环过程研究的核心。目前,对稻田土壤碳循环过程及其机制的认识缺乏基于生态化学计量学层面的研究。因此,系统解析耦合化学—生物—环境要素的稻田土壤碳循环的关键过程是深入研究当前面临的诸多土壤生物化学问题(如土壤碳循环与土壤肥力、温室气体减排等)的科学瓶颈。在综合分析计量学的基本内涵与土壤计量学发展需求的基础上,论述了稻田土壤有明显区别于其他土壤类型的土壤发生学和生物化学特点,重点评述了稻田土壤碳循环的3个主要过程的研究进展,包括:1稻田土壤新鲜有机质转化、矿化的关键微生物过程计量;2典型水稻土CH4产生的关键微生物过程计量;3典型水稻土微生物CO2光合同化功能的计量。在此基础上,探讨了土壤生物化学过程统计学和数学模型在土壤计量学研究中的应用,并提出了稻田土壤碳循环关键微生物过程的计量学特征研究的发展趋势和科学问题展望。期望能够通过这些探讨对推动我国该研究领域的基础理论建设和新技术发展有所贡献。