20世纪以来美国树木生长响应气候变化敏感度的时空差异

树木生长响应气候变化的敏感度是全球变化研究的重要内容。利用20世纪以来美国本土1058个样本点的树轮宽度指数和温度、降水数据,通过相关分析,揭示了树木生长速率年际变化响应气候变化敏感度的时空差异。研究发现：① 美国树木径向生长速率与温度普遍负相关、与降水普遍正相关,绝大多数地区树木生长受水分条件限制。② 径向生长速率对温度和降水响应敏感度呈现一定的季节差异,最敏感的季节因地区而异,这主要与不同月份温度、降水条件差异导致的水分条件变化有关。同时,径向生长速率对温度、降水响应敏感度还随着气候条件变化而变化,随着年平均温度升高（降低）,径向生长速率与温度的负相关逐渐增强（减弱）,随着年降水增加（减少）,与降水的正相关强度逐渐减弱（增强）。     

Multi-scale temperature variations and their regional differences in China during the Medieval Climate Anomaly

The Medieval Climate Anomaly(MCA, AD950–1250) is the most recent warm period lasting for several hundred years and is regarded as a reference scenario when studying the impact of and adaptation to global and regional warming. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of temperature variations on decadal–centennial scales during the MCA for four regions(Northeast, Northwest, Central-east, and Tibetan Plateau) in China, based on high-resolution temperature reconstructions and related warm–cold records from historical documents. The ensemble empirical mode decomposition method is used to analyze the time series. The results showed that for China as a whole, the longest warm period during the last 2000 years occurred in the 10 th–13 th centuries, although there were multi-decadal cold intervals in the middle to late 12 th century. However, in the beginning and ending decades, warm peaks and phases on the decadal scale of the MCA for different regions were not consistent with each other. On the inter-decadal scale, regional temperature variations were similar from 950 to 1130; moreover, their amplitudes became smaller, and the phases did not agree well from 1130 to 1250. On the multi-decadal to centennial scale, all four regions began to warm in the early 10 th century and experienced two cold intervals during the MCA. However, the Northwest and Central-east China were in step with each other while the warm periods in the Northeast China and Tibetan Plateau ended about 40-50 years earlier. On the multi-centennial scale, the mean temperature difference between the MCA and Little Ice Age was significant in Northeast and Central-east China but not in the Northwest China and Tibetan Plateau. Compared to the mean temperature of the 20 th century, a comparable warmth in the MCA was found in the Central-east China, but there was a little cooling in Northeast China; meanwhile, there were significantly lower temperatures in Northwest China and Tibetan Plateau.     

过去2000年中国东部地区的极端旱涝事件变化

利用据历史文献中汉代以来的旱涝灾害记载重建的逐年旱涝等级,结合已重建的东部地区干湿指数序列,通过定义判别历史时期极端旱涝事件的标准,分华北、江淮和江南3个区域辨识了过去2000年的重大旱涝事件。结果表明,各个区域的重大旱、涝多发时段分别是:华北地区出现在100～150年、550～650年、1050～1100年与1850～1900年;江淮地区出现在250～450年与1600～1850年;江南出现在350～400年、1100～1200年与1900～1950年。整个东部地区则出现在100～150年、250～350年、750～850年、950～1000年、1050～1150年、1400～1450年、1550～1650年及1800～1950年。20世纪后50年极端旱涝事件的发生频率和强度仅处于过去2000年的平均水平。过去2000年中国东部温度与旱涝关系的对比分析还表明,20世纪后半叶的气候变暖并未导致极端旱涝事件的发生频率明显增加。     

中国过去2000年气候变化的评估

根据近20年中国在过去2000年气候变化研究领域的主要文献,对中国(特别是中国东部)过去2000年气候变化进行了综合评估。主要结论有：(1)在中国东部,虽然20世纪暖期的温暖程度非常明显,但至目前为止的研究结果显示,其温暖程度和波动幅度可能尚未超过过去两千年曾经出现过的最高水平。(2)中国东部降水同样存在数百年的趋势变化,且存在明显的区域差异,特别是华北与江南的低频变化趋势几乎相反。就东部地区的总体变化趋势而言：280′sAD以前,相对湿润;自280′SAD开始,逐渐变干;而至1230′SAD以后,则维持在一个相对较干的水平上。(3)中国西部的温度变化趋势与东部基本一致,但中世纪暖期与小冰期不如东部明显。(4)中世纪暖期,中国东部的华北地区相对干旱,江南则相对湿润;而在小冰期,华北地区则相对湿润,且整个东部地区的降水变率增大。     

湖南省种子植物物种丰富度与地形的关系

为探讨区域尺度物种丰富度与地形的关系,利用湖南省地方植物志资料和地形图,借助GIS软件等手段,在定量分析湖南省地形的海拔分异特征的基础上,研究了湖南省种子植物的物种丰富度和物种密度沿海拔梯度的变化趋势,以及他们与地形复杂度的关系,得到如下结果：(1) 随着海拔的升高,科、属、种丰富度和物种密度均呈现先增大后减小的趋势,也即物种丰富度和物种密度均在中海拔地区达到最高;(2) 随地形复杂度的增加,物种丰富度和物种密度呈现先增大后减少的趋势,即中等复杂程度的地形,具有较高的丰富度和物种密度。     

植物挥发性有机物的气候与环境效应研究进展

植物挥发性有机物(Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds,BVOCs)是大气中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的主要组分,具有重要的气候与环境效应。在梳理和总结既有研究成果的基础上,立足于BVOCs的大气化学过程,阐述了BVOCs不同组分的化学反应过程及其在大气臭氧(O3)和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)污染形成中的作用,指出了BVOCs在O_3和SOA污染形成中的重要性,以及BVOCs影响地球气候的2种主要途径:1通过形成SOA以气溶胶的形式影响地球大气辐射平衡;2参与地球碳循环,影响CH_4和CO等温室气体的寿命。进而,分别总结了BVOCs通过上述2个途径对地球气候影响的研究成果;阐述了BVOCs观测技术的现状与排放量估算模型的发展历程,分析了模型的优缺点与模型间的传承关系及其与气候系统模式耦合的现状。同时展望了BVOCs气候与环境效应亟需深入研究的问题,包括BVOCs氧化机制、产物的理化性质、耦合BVOCs排放及大气化学过程的地球系统模式研制等。     

新疆重点生态功能区生态补偿的空间选择研究

基于生态补偿空间选择的基本原理,从区域范畴、资金分配、生态价值3个方面,解析了新疆重点生态功能区的基本特征,并利用"效益成本比瞄准"法、"生态补偿优先等级"法定量分析新疆生态补偿优先等级.结果表明:"生态补偿优先等级"中,新疆生态补偿优先等级与转移支付资金分配基本一致,因忽略环境因素,使得优先补偿等级未获得充分的生态转...     

Application of UTCI in China from tourism perspective

This paper investigates the processes and mechanisms by which the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) affects the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) over the equatorial western Pacific in boreal winter (November–April). The results show that both the EAWM and MJO over the equatorial western Pacific have prominent interannual and interdecadal variabilities, and they are closely related, especially on the interannual timescales. The EAWM influences MJO via the feedback effect of convective heating, because the strong northerlies of EAWM can enhance the ascending motion and lead the convection to be strengthened over the equatorial western Pacific by reinforcing the convergence in the lower troposphere. Daily composite analysis in the phase 4 of MJO (i.e., strong MJO convection over the Maritime Continent and equatorial western Pacific) shows that the kinetic energy, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), moisture flux, vertical velocity, zonal wind, moist static energy, and atmospheric stability differ greatly between strong and weak EAWM processes over the western Pacific. The strong EAWM causes the intensity of MJO to increase, and the eastward propagation of MJO to become more persistent. MJO activities over the equatorial western Pacific have different modes. Furthermore, these modes have differing relationships with the EAWM, and other factors can also affect the activities of MJO; consequently, the relationship between the MJO and EAWM shows both interannual and interdecadal variabilities.     

Recent progress in studies on land cover change and its regional climatic effects over China during historical times

The recent progresses on the reconstruction of historical land cover and the studies on regional climatic effects to temperature,precipitation,and the East Asian Monsoon across China were reviewed.Findings show that the land cover in China has been significantly modified by human activities over the last several thousands years,mainly through cropland expansion and forest clearance.The cropland over traditional Chinese agricultural areas increased from 5.32×105 km2 in the mid-17th century to 8.27×105 km2 in...     

Quantifying the response of forest carbon balance to future climate change in Northeastern China: Model validation and prediction

In this study, we report on the validation of process-based forest growth and carbon and nitrogen model of TRIPLEX against observed data, and the use of the model to investigate the potential impacts and interaction of climate change and increasing atmospheric CO₂ on forest net primary productivity (NPP) and carbon budgets in northeast of China. The model validation results show that the simulated tree total volume, NPP, total biomass and soil carbon are consistent with observed data across the Northeast of China, demonstrating that the improved TRIPLEX model is able to simulate forest growth and carbon dynamics of the boreal and temperate forest ecosystems at regional scale. The climate change would increase forest NPP and biomass carbon but decrease overall soil carbon under all three climate change scenarios. The combined effects of climate change and CO₂ fertilization on the increase of NPP were estimated to be 10–12% for 2030s and 28–37% in 2090s. The simulated effects of CO₂ fertilization significantly offset the soil carbon loss due to climate change alone. Overall, future climate change and increasing atmospheric CO₂ would have a significant impact on the forest ecosystems of Northeastern China.