黄土中古土壤双层淀积研究

本文确定了黄土中古土壤有四种双层淀积类型。第一和第二种是由两层ＣａＣＯ３结核构成的，第三种是由ＣａＣＯ３和ＣａＳＯ４构成的，第四种是由ＣａＣＯ３与Ａｌ２Ｏ３、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３构成的。根据ＣａＣＯ３淀积层成因分析得知，西安附近第一层古土壤具二元发生特点。该层古土壤上部的ＣａＣＯ３淀积层代表碱性土壤发育时期。下部的ＣａＣＯ３淀积层代表中酸性土壤发育时期。因为有些古土壤发育时出现过气候变化，所以具ＣａＣＯ３淀积层的古土壤不一定是碱性的。具ＣａＣＯ３与Ｆｅ２Ｏ３·Ａｌ２Ｏ３构成的双层淀积是酸性土壤的标志。     

Progression of backward erosion piping with sudden and gradual hydraulic loads

Acta Geotechnica - With the utilization of underground space, backward erosion piping (BEP) has been observed in many underground structures. Different from BEP in embankments or river dikes, the...     

Exploring the impact of introducing a physical model into statistical methods on the evaluation of regional scale debris flow susceptibility

Natural Hazards - Regional scale debris flow susceptibility is widely evaluated by statistical methods. However, the initiation mechanism of debris flow is not considered, which leads to the...     

基于热红外数据的花岗岩铀矿田地表SiO_2含量反演及其铀成矿要素识别

ASTER遥感成像仪发射以来,提供了廉价的多光谱热红外遥感数据,为热红外遥感技术在诸多领域的应用注入了新的活力。本文在分析热红外技术在岩矿领域应用潜力的基础上,将热红外遥感技术应用于花岗岩铀矿找矿中,并以华南某花岗岩铀矿田为例,基于ASTER热红外数据进行了影像镶嵌、辐射定标、大气校正、温度/发射率分离,及其不同波段比值组合模拟的反演算法,对发射率数据进行SiO₂含量的定量反演,在反演图上识别出了研究区内明显的硅化断裂带、酸性岩及红层分布信息,识别结果与地质事实相符,并在野外得到了验证。实践表明,热红外遥感技术在花岗岩铀成矿要素提取中效果良好,并将在铀矿找矿工作中发挥积极的指导作用。     

Tillage pedogenesis of purple soils in southwestern China

Land cultivation and tillage process, and their consequent impacts on soil erosion, have been criticized as the main cause of degradation of land or soil quality. However, purple soils, classified as Regosols in FAO Taxonomy or Entisols in USDA Taxonomy, are formed from purple rocks of the Trias- Cretaceous system, have been developed or at least accelerated the development due to continual tillage operation, especially digging and ridging. The present study took micromorphological investigation on the sedimentary rocks and the soils under different operations of tillage. Results show that the purple rock of Feixiangguan Formation of the Trias system （Tlf） is the easiest to physical weathering and the most fertile soil material enriched in nutrients, and it has been, therefore, mostly cultivated and intensively tilled around the year. It has the fastest soil formation rate. Soil formation rate in the cropland with conventional tillage is higher than that in the forestiand and the grassland. It implies that the artificial brokenness and tillage disturbance play a great role in physical weathering and initiating soil formation processes.     

陕西榆林地区1954-2013年极端气温变化特征

对1954-2013年横山站、榆林站、绥德站的每日气象资料,运用线性拟合及累积距平、Mann-Kendall突变检验、主成分分析和Morlet复数小波等方法对WMO发布的10种极端气温指数进行了计算和分析。结果表明：榆林地区近60年极端最高气温、极端最低气温都呈上升趋势,冰日天数、霜日天数、冷夜天数、冷日天数呈下降趋势,夏日天数、热夜天数、暖夜天数、暖日天数呈现稳步上升趋势。近60年,榆林市极端气温的变化存在明显的阶段特征,并有突变现象发生。各指数的突变主要发生在20世纪90年代。暖指数的变化是榆林地区近60年气温呈上升趋势的主要原因。榆林地区冬春季气温升高是年平均气温上升的主要原因。33 a左右的周期是10个指数比较稳定的周期,共同反映榆林地区极端天气的周期规律。极端暖指标在未来持续上升,极端冷指标则持续下降。研究区极端高温天气增加,会导致旱灾等极端天气增加的概率,并对森林防火产生一定的压力。极端低温天数的减少导致易发生森林和草原的病虫灾害,应做好预防工作。     

Development of novel microsatellite markers for Holothurian scabra (Holothuriidae), Apostichopus japonicas (Stichopodidae) and cross-species testing in other sea cucumbers

Thirty-five new microsatellite loci from the sea cucumbers H olothurian scabra(Jaeger, 1833) and Apostichopus japonicas(Selenka, 1867) were screened and characterized using the method of magnetic bead enrichment. Of the twenty-four polymorphic loci tested, eighteen were consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium after a modified false discovery rate(B-Y FDR) correction, whereas six showed statistically significant deviations(CHS2 and CHS11: P 0.014 790; FCS1, FCS6, FCS8 and FCS14: P 0.015 377). Furthermore, four species of plesiomorphous and related sea cucumbers(Holothurian scabra, Holothuria leucospilota, Stichopus horrens and Apostichopus japonicas) were tested for mutual cross-amplification using a total of ninety microsatellite loci. Although transferability and universality of all loci were generally low, the results of the cross-species study showed that the markers can be applied to identify individuals to species according to the presence or absence of specific microsatellite alleles. The microsatellite markers reported here will contribute to the study of genetic diversity, assisted breeding, and population conservation in sea cucumbers, as well as allow for the identification of individuals to closely related species.     

秦岭太白盆地晚更新世晚期环境变迁

本文依据太白盆地拐里村晚更新世晚期沉积物中花粉谱,重建当时主要为含桦树的森林草原或灌丛草原,未见森林。孢粉波动幅度明显,记录了气候的强烈变化。该剖面存在四次孢粉贫乏事件(深度为15.6-15.8m、10.7-10.9m、5.6-5.8m和3.4-3.6m),其特点为木本植物花粉急剧减少,乔本植物花粉几乎为零,草本植物花粉增多。上述孢粉贫乏事件与渭南黄土古风化强度、磁化率以及SPECMAP氧同位素曲线具有较好的可比性,反映气候的冷暖波动基本一致,从而表明该区气候变化与全球气候变化基本同步。      

陕西旬阳溶蚀残余红土的研究

根据显微结构和矿物成分等的鉴定,笔者在陕西旬阳溶蚀残余红土中,发现了在北亚热带及其以北地区不存在的原生石英的强烈溶蚀结构和次生石英、玉髓微晶粒结构,这一发现对确定该区古环境变迁提供了有力证据。结合孢粉和化学成分资料,本文得出以粘土矿物占优势的旬阳溶蚀残余红土形成了高温多雨的中亚热带气候条件下,植被以常绿阔叶林为主,土壤类型相当于现代的红壤,时代属于中新世。     

Estimation of suspended sediment concentrations using Pulse-coherent Acoustic Doppler Profiler （PCADP）

The objective of the study is to investigate the suitability of using Pulse-coherent Acoustic Doppler Profiler (PCADP) to estimate suspended sediment concentration (SSC). The acoustic backscatter intensity was corrected for spreading and absorption loss, then calibrated with OBS and finally converted to SSC. The results show that there is a good correlation between SSC and backscatter intensity with R value of 0.74. The mean relative error is 22.4%. Then the time span of little particle size variation was also analyzed to exclude the influence of size variation. The correlation coefficient increased to 0.81 and the error decreased to 18.9%. Our results suggest that the PCADP can meet the requirement of other professional instruments to estimate SSC with the errors between 20% and 50%, and can satisfy the need of dynamics study of suspended particles. Supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program, No. 2008AA09Z113)