Bayesian maximum entropy approach and its applications: a review

The present paper reviews the conceptual framework and development of the Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME) approach. BME has been considered as a significant breakthrough and contribution to applied stochastics by introducing an improved, knowledge-based modeling framework for spatial and spatiotemporal information. In this work, one objective is the overview of distinct BME features. By offering a foundation free of restrictive assumptions that limit comparable techniques, an ability to integrate a variety of prior knowledge bases, and rigorous accounting for both exact and uncertain data, the BME approach was coined as introducing modern spatiotemporal geostatistics. A second objective is to illustrate BME applications and adoption within numerous different scientific disciplines. We summarize examples and real-world studies that encompass the perspective of science of the total environment, including atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and ecosphere, while also noting applications that extend beyond these fields. The broad-ranging application track suggests BME as an established, valuable tool for predictive spatial and space–time analysis and mapping. This review concludes with the present status of BME, and tentative paths for future methodological research, enhancements, and extensions.     

Characteristics of China’s oil and gas pool formation in latest geological history

The structural activities took place extensively in the Asia continent during the Cenozoic era owing to the strong continent-to-continent collision and continuous compression between the India Plate and the Eurasia Plate. Huang Jiqing called such structural activities Himalayan movement. China’s sedimentary basins developed and took shape mainly during the Himalayan movement period. It is also the main period for formation and development of the oil and gas reservoirs. Of 366 large and medium-sized oil and gas fields currently found in China, 212 reservoirs were formed in the Neogene-Quaternary period. The proportion is as high as 68.2%. The oil and gas migration and accumulation in the latest geological period, which were controlled by the times, properties, styles and strength of the Himalayan movement, took place mainly in eight regions, such as the low uplift area of Bohai Sea, the onshore faulted sag area of Bohai Bay, anticlinorium zone in Daqing, the foreland fold-and-thrust belt in West China, the tilted structural zone in West China, the cratonic palaeohigh in the Tarim Basin, the zone of fault and fold belt in the East Sichuan Basin, and the biological gas zone in the East Qaidam Basin. The oil and gas pool formations in those regions have their own characteristics. With the great potential and broad prospect, those regions are the main exploration areas in China in the future.     

融合多源海洋大地测量数据的南海海底地形多层感知机反演

本文融合SIO(Scripps Institution of Oceanography)发布的垂线偏差、重力异常和垂直重力梯度数据及NCEI(National Centers for Environmental Information)发布的船载测深数据, 利用多层感知机神经网络(Multi-Layer Perceptron, MLP)建立南海海域(108°E—121°E, 6°N—23°N)分辨率为1'×1'的海底地形模型(MLP_Depth).首先, 将642716个船载测深控制点的位置信息与周围4'×4'格网点处的地球重力信息(垂线偏差、重力异常、垂直重力梯度)作为输入数据, 将船载测深控制点处实测水深值作为输出数据, 训练MLP神经网络模型, 训练结束时决定系数R²为99%, 平均绝对误差MAE为39.33 m.然后, 将研究区域内1'×1'格网正中心点处的输入数据输入于MLP模型中, 可得格网正中心点处的预测海深值.最后, 根据预测海深值建立研究区域范围内分辨率为1'×1'的MLP_Depth模型.将MLP_Depth模型预测水深与160679个检核点处实测水深对比, 其差值的标准差STD(75.38 m)、平均绝对百分比误差MAPE(5.89%)与平均绝对误差MAE(42.91 m)皆优于GEBCO_2021模型、topo_23.1模型、ETOPO1模型与检核点实测水深差值的STD(108.88 m、113.41 m、229.67 m)、MAPE(6.11%、6.94%、18.37%)与MAE(47.33 m、52.24 m、130.08 m).同时, 为了研究不同区域内利用该方法建立的海底地形模型的精度, 本文在研究区域内分别建立了A、B区域的海底地形模型(MLP_Depth_A、MLP_Depth_B).经过验证得: MLP_Depth_A、MLP_Depth_B相比于MLP_Depth模型具有更高的精度, 更能反应海底地形的变化趋势.

     

山区三维地震勘探大时差静校正及时深转换

山地煤矿采区地形条件复杂，正确进行大时差静校正是处理好二维地震勘探资料的重要一环。大时差静校正会改变煤层反射波时间(t0)及双曲线特征，为减小校正误差，需设立一个CMP面，将校正量分为高频分量和CMP校正量。在地形高差变化剧烈的山地，不能用高于地表面的统一基准面为零线进行时深转换，须进行充填层时差(△t)校正，将统一基准面校正到地表面，再以地表面为零线进行时深转换成图。以便准确无误的展示煤层赋存形态，提高构造图精度。     

THE METAMORPHIC FEATURE,AGE AND MECHANISM OF AMUGANG GROUP IN NORTHERN TIBET

THE METAMORPHIC FEATURE,AGE AND MECHANISM OF AMUGANG GROUP IN NORTHERN TIBET     

台风登陆我国川渝干旱严重——2006年7月

7月，全国平均气温为22．3℃，比常年同期偏高0．9℃，为1951年以来历史同期第3高值；全国平均降水量为116．8mm与常年同期持平。月内，强热带风暴碧利斯和台风格美相继在我国登陆，造成重大人员伤亡和经济损失。暴雨洪涝灾害频繁，安徽、湖南、广西、黑龙江等省（区）受灾较重。局地强对流天气多发，江苏、江西、河北等省受灾较重。西北东部、内蒙古中东部旱情缓解，四川、重庆、湖北等地干旱持续或发展；江南、华南北部及西南东部出现持续高温天气。     

东昆仑造山带低山头花岗岩体岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义

低山头一带花岗岩体归属东昆仑弧盆系北昆仑岩浆弧带,位于东昆仑成矿带伯喀里克—香日德成矿亚带东昆仑造山带中段,岩石类型主要为石英闪长岩、正长花岗岩及二长花岗岩。为了加强该地区花岗岩体岩石地球化学与成岩成矿背景探讨,对花岗岩体开展了主量元素、微量元素及矿质元素研究。主量元素组成上,石英闪长岩具中硅（57.64%和58.47%）、富钠（Na₂O/K₂O均为2.57）特点,正长花岗岩具高硅（75.45%~75.99%）、富钾（Na₂O/K₂O为0.74~0.94）特点,二长花岗岩具高硅（66.80%~73.45%）、富钠（Na₂O/K₂O为1.50~2.13）特点;花岗岩体铝饱和指数A/CNK<1,为准铝质岩浆岩;碱饱和指数NK/A集中在0.26~0.69之间,属钙碱性岩石;里特曼组合指数σ₄₃在1.18~2.31之间,属钙碱性类型。花岗岩体轻稀土元素相对重稀土元素富集,岩浆分异特征明显,大离子亲石元素（LILE）富集Rb、K、Ba、Th、Sr、Nd,仅正长花岗岩Sr亏损,高场强元素（HFSE）富集Zr、Hf、Ce,而Nb、P、Ti明显亏损,源区物质为壳幔混合物质,属挤压应力环境中同碰撞I型花岗岩。在岩体实测剖面中获得11种元素分析数据,与青海全省、东昆仑成矿带及其亚成矿带平均元素丰度值进行对比,初步划分不同岩性、不同类型、不同时代花岗岩,以及富集的含矿元素为Au、Zn、Y、Pb等。与区域有成矿事实且为I型花岗岩成因进行对比,认为研究区有较好的找矿前景。     

Investigation on strength and stability of jointed rock mass using three‐dimensional numerical manifold method

This paper proposes a numerical model for jointed rock masses within the 3‐D numerical manifold method (NMM) framework equipped with a customized contact algorithm. The strength of rock sample containing a few sets of discontinuities is first investigated. The results of models with simple geometries are compared with the available analytical solutions to verify the developed computer code, whereas models with complex geometries are simulated to better understand the fundamental behavior and failure mechanism of jointed rock mass. Furthermore, the stability of jointed rock mass in an underground excavation is studied, where rock failure process is determined by the 3‐D NMM simulation. The simulation results provide valuable guidance on excavation process design and stabilization design in rock engineering practice. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水下航行体双空泡相互作用数值模拟研究

高速水下航行体头肩部和表面突起等位置很容易产生空泡,不失一般性,将表面突起结构简化为一定高度的台阶.针对简化的航行体模型,基于数值模拟方法研究了头肩部空泡与台阶处空泡、头肩部空泡与尾空泡2种类型的双空泡相互作用问题.不同的来流攻角下,头肩部空泡与台阶处空泡的作用过程存在区别,可以分为大攻角和小攻角2种类型.当尾空泡内有...     

西南印度洋中脊50°E基性超基性岩石地球化学特征及其成因初探

西南印度洋中脊是典型的慢速扩张洋中脊之一。对采自西南印度洋中脊50°E附近的7件玄武岩和蛇纹石化橄榄岩样品所作的分析表明,基性玄武岩类SiO2含量为43.72%～48.40%,TiO2含量较少,为1.14%～1.52%;MgO含量为5.96%～10.98%;TFe2O3含量为4.55%～5.2%;Mg#值为0.53～0.64,里特曼指数σ为2.34～20.10。微量元素Zr/Nb和Y/Nb比值为显示N-MORB的性质,但是其他微量元素的比值(Ba/Nb,Ba/Th,La/Nb,Nb/U,Nb/Pb)均不显示正常洋中脊玄武岩的特征,微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图显示强烈富集K和Pb,亏损Nb,稀土元素显示较为平缓的分配模式。超基性蛇纹石化橄榄岩的主量元素特征为SiO2为38.91～45.49;TiO2含量为0.02～0.28;MgO含量很高,为36.87～40.61,TFe2O3含量为2.82～3.91,Mg#值为0.92～0.94。微量元素中Ni,Cr的含量很高,原始地幔标准化蛛网图显示橄榄岩强烈富集K和Pb,Ba,Th,La,Ce,Ti中等程度富集,而亏损Nb,Sr。稀土元素总量较低,标准化曲线显示轻稀土元素富集模式。结合地球化学特征及前人研究资料分析认为,西南印度洋中脊的基性岩和超基性岩属同源性质,其原始地幔物质可能为部分正常洋中脊亏损地幔混染了陆壳或远洋沉积物的结果。