The range of relative sea level rise in the northwestern South China Sea since the Last Glacial Maximum was over 100 m. As
a result, lowland regions including the Northeast Vietnam coast, Beibu Gulf, and South China coast experienced an evolution
from land to sea. Based on the principle of reconstructing paleogeography and using recent digital elevation model, relative
sea level curves, and sediment accumulation data, this paper presents a series of paleogeographic scenarios back to 20 cal.
ka BP for the northwestern South China Sea. The scenarios demonstrate the entire process of coastline changes for the area
of interest. During the late glacial period from 20 to 15 cal. ka BP, coastline slowly retreated, causing a land loss of only
1×104 km2, and thus the land-sea distribution remained nearly unchanged. Later in 15–10 cal. ka BP coastline rapidly retreated and
area of land loss was up to 24×104km2, causing lowlands around Northeast Vietnam and South China soon to be underwater. Coastline retreat continued quite rapidly
during the early Holocene. From 10 to 6 cal. ka BP land area had decreased by 9×104km2, and during that process the Qiongzhou Strait completely opened up. Since the mid Holocene, main controls on coastline change
are from vertical crustal movements and sedimentation. Transgression was surpassed by regression, resulting in a land accretion
of about 10×104km2.
Supported by Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. MSGL0711), the Guangdong Natural
Science Foundation (Grant No. 04001309) and Open Fund of the Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Chinese Academy
of Sciences (Grant No. MGE2007KG04) 相似文献
Shallow landslides induced by heavy rainfall events represent one of the most disastrous hazards in mountainous regions because
of their high frequency and rapid mobility. Recent advancements in the availability and accessibility of remote sensing data,
including topography, land cover and precipitation products, allow landslide hazard assessment to be considered at larger
spatial scales. A theoretical framework for a landslide forecasting system was prototyped in this study using several remotely
sensed and surface parameters. The applied physical model SLope-Infiltration-Distributed Equilibrium (SLIDE) takes into account
some simplified hypotheses on water infiltration and defines a direct relation between factor of safety and the rainfall depth
on an infinite slope. This prototype model is applied to a case study in Honduras during Hurricane Mitch in 1998. Two study
areas were selected where a high density of shallow landslides occurred, covering approximately 1,200 km2. The results were quantitatively evaluated using landslide inventory data compiled by the United States Geological Survey
(USGS) following Hurricane Mitch’s landfall. The agreement between the SLIDE modeling results and landslide observations demonstrates
good predictive skill and suggests that this framework could serve as a potential tool for the future early landslide warning
systems. Results show that within the two study areas, the values of rates of successful estimation of slope failure locations
reached as high as 78 and 75%, while the error indices were 35 and 49%. Despite positive model performance, the SLIDE model
is limited by several assumptions including using general parameter calibration rather than in situ tests and neglecting geologic
information. Advantages and limitations of this physically based model are discussed with respect to future applications of
landslide assessment and prediction over large scales. 相似文献
In this paper, we formulate a finite element procedure for approximating the coupled fluid and mechanics in Biot’s consolidation
model of poroelasticity. Here, we approximate the pressure by a mixed finite element method and the displacements by a Galerkin
method. Theoretical convergence error estimates are derived in a continuous in-time setting for a strictly positive constrained
specific storage coefficient. Of particular interest is the case when the lowest-order Raviart–Thomas approximating space
or cell-centered finite differences are used in the mixed formulation, and continuous piecewise linear approximations are
used for displacements. This approach appears to be the one most frequently applied to existing reservoir engineering simulators. 相似文献
Maximum and minimum void ratios (emax and emin) of granular soils are commonly used as indicators of many engineering properties. However, few methods, apart from laboratory tests, are available to provide a rapid estimation of both emax and emin. In this study, we present a theoretical model to map the densest and the loosest packing configurations of granular soils onto the void space. A corresponding numerical procedure that can predict both emax and emin of granular soils with arbitrary grain size distributions is proposed. The capacity of the proposed method is evaluated by predicting the maximum and minimum void ratios of medium to fine mixed graded sands with different contents of fines. The influence of the grain size distribution, characterized quantitatively by uniformity parameter and the fractal dimension, on emax and emin is discussed using the proposed method. Moreover, application of this method in understanding the controlling mechanism for the void ratio change during grain crushing is presented.
Pattern recognition in road networks can be used for different applications, including spatiotemporal data mining, automated map generalization, data matching of different levels of detail, and other important research topics. Grid patterns are a common pattern type. This paper proposes and implements a method for grid pattern recognition based on the idea of mesh classification through a supervised learning process. To train the classifier, training datasets are selected from worldwide city samples with different cultural, historical, and geographical environments. Meshes are subsequently labeled as composing or noncomposing grids by participants in an experiment, and the mesh measures are defined while accounting for the mesh’s individual characteristics and spatial context. The classifier is generated using the C4.5 algorithm. The accuracy of the classifier is evaluated using Kappa statistics and the overall rate of correctness. The average Kappa value is approximately 0.74, which corresponds to a total accuracy of 87.5%. Additionally, the rationality of the classifier is evaluated in an interpretation step. Two other existing grid pattern recognition methods were also tested on the datasets, and comparison results indicate that our approach is effective in identifying grid patterns in road networks. 相似文献
Expansive clays undergo swelling when subjected to water. This can cause damage, especially to light weight structures, water
conveyance canals, lined reservoirs, highways, and airport runways unless appropriate measures are taken. In this study, granulated
blast furnace slag (GBFS) and GBFS-cement (GBFSC) were utilized to overcome or to limit the expansion of an artificially prepared
expansive soil sample (sample A). GBFS and GBFSC were added to sample A in proportions of 5–25% by weight. The effects of
these stabilizers on grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, swelling percentage and rate of swell of soil samples were
determined. GBFS and GBFSC were shown to successfully decreasing the total amount of swell while increasing the rate of swell. 相似文献